南開電機是一(yi)種將電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換為機(ji)械能(neng)的裝置。大多(duo)數電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流(liu)在導線繞(rao)組中與(yu)磁場(chang)的相(xiang)互(hu)作用(yong)來(lai)產生扭矩，作用(yong)在電(dian)機(ji)軸上形成力。電(dian)機(ji)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)場(chang)景眾(zhong)多(duo)，在消費市場(chang)、工(gong)業、車載(zai)等都(dou)有應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。

下面我(wo)們首先通過復盤海外高(gao)端電機(ji)(ji)廠商的發(fa)展歷程，了解率先布(bu)(bu)局高(gao)壁(bi)壘(lei)/新(xin)興領(ling)域+掌握一體化(hua)技(ji)術、掌握先發(fa)優勢是(shi)維(wei)持(chi)電機(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的關鍵。當前電機(ji)(ji)行業競爭激烈(lie)，人形機(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待發(fa)，驅動電機(ji)(ji)廠商抓住(zhu)技(ji)術更新(xin)迭代的機(ji)(ji)遇，及(ji)時布(bu)(bu)局伺服電機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框電機(ji)(ji)等，真正實(shi)現國(guo)產(chan)替(ti)代沖出重圍(wei)，在(zai)下一階段競爭中搶占先機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)互作用(yong)從而實(shi)現能量轉換與傳(chuan)遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能，各(ge)(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)我國(guo)(guo)經濟生產(chan)(chan)各(ge)(ge)部門以及(ji)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作為驅(qu)動(dong)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設備的(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)關設備的(de)技術進步，使(shi)人們能夠(gou)利(li)用(yong)熱能、水能、核能以及(ji)風能、太陽能、生物質能等能源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)(guo)民經濟各(ge)(ge)部門和廣大城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)能；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指使(shi)用(yong)環境、生產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝、技術標(biao)準(zhun)等比(bi)較特(te)殊而區別于(yu)(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上(shang)來看，不同類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)機結(jie)構(gou)雖然(ran)不同，但一般都是(shi)由(you)三大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)組成，即(ji)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)輔助(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)主要(yao)由(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)機座、機架(jia)(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、端蓋及(ji)底板等(deng)導磁、導電(dian)(dian)和(he)支撐固(gu)定(ding)(ding)等(deng)結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)組合；電(dian)(dian)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支架(jia)(jia)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、集電(dian)(dian)環、換向器(qi)和(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)；輔助(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包括軸(zhou)承、電(dian)(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有多種分類(lei)方(fang)式(shi)，按照(zhao)應用領域分為(wei)動(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)和控制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)；按照(zhao)電(dian)源類(lei)型分為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域(yu)分為動力電機和控制電機

動(dong)力電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出功率較(jiao)大，注(zhu)重電機(ji)(ji)的(de)驅動(dong)、運行及制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)能，主要(yao)應用于(yu)汽車(che)、家電、小型機(ji)(ji)床等(deng)領域。控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電機(ji)(ji)側重電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出量的(de)幅頻特性(xing)(xing)、相(xiang)頻特性(xing)(xing)及輸(shu)(shu)出特性(xing)(xing)的(de)精(jing)(jing)度、靈敏度、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度等(deng)指標，精(jing)(jing)度高、響應速度快，主要(yao)在(zai)自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統中承擔執行、檢測(ce)和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)動方(fang)式(shi)進一步分為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)看作由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)展平而得，其定子(zi)叫(jiao)初(chu)級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)叫(jiao)次級(ji)，其優勢在于(yu)(yu)可(ke)(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)動的(de)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而無需再借助(zhu)中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置。常見的(de)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)U型(xing)槽式(shi)、平板(ban)式(shi)和管式(shi)。其主要應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)自動控制(zhi)系(xi)統、短距離需要巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)動能(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置或作為(wei)長期(qi)連續運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)驅(qu)(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例如用(yong)于(yu)(yu)磁懸浮列車以及(ji)無鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)驅(qu)(qu)動。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制方(fang)式(shi)進一步分為步進電機(ji)、伺(si)服(fu)電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步進電機是一(yi)種(zhong)把電脈沖信(xin)號轉換成角位移的(de)電動機，每(mei)輸入一(yi)個脈沖信(xin)號，步進電機就(jiu)按照設定(ding)的(de)方向(xiang)轉動一(yi)個固(gu)定(ding)的(de)角度。其結構簡(jian)單但效率和(he)精度較低，多用于辦公自動化、通(tong)信(xin)設備、印刷(shua)設備等領域。 

伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)相(xiang)較于(yu)步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)增加了編(bian)碼器(qi)與反饋機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，使得(de)驅(qu)動器(qi)可以根據(ju)目標值與編(bian)碼器(qi)的反饋信號之間(jian)的差異來調整(zheng)轉子轉動的角度，從(cong)而可實現更精密(mi)的控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，主要適用于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)器(qi)人等對(dui)于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)精度、速(su)度響(xiang)應(ying)、過載能力及穩定性要求(qiu)高的領(ling)域。空(kong)心(xin)杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一種特(te)殊(shu)的伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用無鐵芯轉子，呈空(kong)心(xin)的杯(bei)狀結(jie)構，內部環繞(rao)(rao)著繞(rao)(rao)組和(he)磁鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以(yi)扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)為(wei)控制(zhi)方(fang)向的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開(kai)環(huan)控制(zhi)。當負載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大時能自動降低轉(zhuan)速，同時加大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當負載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為(wei)一定值時改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速。在電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)低速甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法(fa)轉(zhuan)動）時仍能持續運(yun)轉(zhuan)，不會(hui)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的損(sun)壞，并(bing)提供(gong)穩(wen)定的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負載(zai)(zai)，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)速、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)(zai)能力(li)強、響應快、特性線(xian)性度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)分為(wei)有(you)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)無框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)源類(lei)型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)

直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機由直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)，交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機由交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)。直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機調(diao)速(su)(su)性能好、啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用(yong)于在重負載(zai)下啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)或需要均勻調(diao)節轉速(su)(su)的機械(xie)。交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機效率高、噪音低(di)，常用(yong)于家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的有無(wu)(wu)進一步分為(wei)有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機與無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機，為(wei)使轉子(zi)轉動需要不斷改變(bian)電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)電(dian)樞和換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器一(yi)起旋轉，而(er)外部(bu)的(de)磁(ci)極和電(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)。通(tong)過換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)機(ji)運(yun)(yun)行時(shi)電(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)就會(hui)不斷改(gai)變，從而(er)改(gai)變電(dian)機(ji)的(de)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)方向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于(yu)啟動(dong)快(kuai)速、制動(dong)及時(shi)、調速平穩，并(bing)且啟動(dong)電(dian)流大、在(zai)低速時(shi)扭矩大，因(yin)而(er)能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)動(dong)工(gong)具中。但由于(yu)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)刷(shua)之間存(cun)在(zai)摩(mo)擦，因(yin)而(er)電(dian)刷(shua)易(yi)損耗、壽命短(duan)，并(bing)且效率(lv)較低。

無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用電(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向(xiang)器替代了(le)機(ji)械(xie)電(dian)刷裝置，其線圈不動(dong)而(er)磁(ci)極(ji)旋轉。其原理是通(tong)過霍爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的(de)位置，從而(er)適時(shi)切(qie)換(huan)線圈中(zhong)電(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以產(chan)生正確方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)的(de)優勢在于故障率低、使(shi)用壽命(ming)長、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)壓(ya)比較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分為單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與(yu)三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用單相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)僅含一個(ge)繞組，需借助(zhu)啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器等(deng)以(yi)產生旋(xuan)轉磁場。特(te)點是結構(gou)簡(jian)單、維修方便，多應用于小型家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生活場景。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用三(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)繞組分為三(san)組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生旋(xuan)轉磁場。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高(gao)、功率大、可靠性和(he)精度高(gao)，多用于水泵、機床(chuang)等(deng)工(gong)業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。