濱海電機是一種將電能(neng)轉換為機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)的裝置。大多數電機(ji)(ji)通(tong)過電流在(zai)導線繞(rao)組中與磁場的相互作用(yong)來產生扭矩(ju)，作用(yong)在(zai)電機(ji)(ji)軸上(shang)形成力。電機(ji)(ji)應(ying)用(yong)場景眾多，在(zai)消費市(shi)場、工業(ye)、車(che)載等都有(you)應(ying)用(yong)。

下(xia)面(mian)我們首先(xian)(xian)通過(guo)復盤海外高(gao)端(duan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的(de)發展歷程，了解率(lv)先(xian)(xian)布(bu)局(ju)高(gao)壁壘/新(xin)興領(ling)域+掌握(wo)一體(ti)化技術、掌握(wo)先(xian)(xian)發優勢(shi)是維持(chi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企(qi)業高(gao)利潤的(de)關(guan)鍵。當前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競爭激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待(dai)發，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓住(zhu)技術更新(xin)迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局(ju)伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真(zhen)正(zheng)實現國產(chan)替代沖出重(zhong)圍(wei)，在下(xia)一階段(duan)競爭中搶占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一種利用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁(ci)相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)從(cong)而(er)實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換與(yu)傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置(zhi)。廣(guang)義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于我國(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟生產各部(bu)門(men)以(yi)及家用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作(zuo)為驅動(dong)各種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)技術(shu)進步，使(shi)(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)民(min)經(jing)(jing)濟各部(bu)門(men)和廣(guang)大城鄉居民(min)提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)指使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)環(huan)境、生產工(gong)藝、技術(shu)標準等(deng)比(bi)較特殊(shu)而(er)區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看，不(bu)同(tong)類型電(dian)(dian)機結構(gou)雖然不(bu)同(tong)，但一般都是由三大(da)部(bu)分組成，即固(gu)定部(bu)分、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)分和輔助部(bu)分。固(gu)定部(bu)分主要由定子(zi)(zi)機座、機架(jia)、定子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、定子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、端蓋及底板(ban)等(deng)導(dao)(dao)磁、導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)和支(zhi)撐固(gu)定等(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)件組合；電(dian)(dian)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)分包(bao)括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架(jia)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、集電(dian)(dian)環、換向器和風扇等(deng)部(bu)件；輔助部(bu)分包(bao)括軸承、電(dian)(dian)刷和冷卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)有多種分(fen)類方式，按照應用領域分(fen)為動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動(dong)力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機

動力(li)電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出功(gong)率較大，注重電(dian)機(ji)的(de)驅動、運行及制動性(xing)能，主(zhu)要應(ying)用于(yu)汽車(che)、家電(dian)、小(xiao)型(xing)機(ji)床等領域。控制電(dian)機(ji)側重電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出量的(de)幅頻(pin)(pin)特(te)性(xing)、相頻(pin)(pin)特(te)性(xing)及輸(shu)出特(te)性(xing)的(de)精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩(wen)定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響應(ying)速度(du)快，主(zhu)要在自(zi)動控制系統中承擔執行、檢測和解算(suan)功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)方式進一步分為旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可看(kan)作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平而(er)得，其定(ding)子叫初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)子叫次級(ji)，其優勢在于可以(yi)(yi)直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運動(dong)的機(ji)械(xie)能，而(er)無(wu)需再(zai)借助中間轉(zhuan)換裝置。常見的直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可分為U型槽式、平板式和(he)管式。其主要應用于自動(dong)控制系統、短距離(li)需要巨大直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運動(dong)能的裝置或作(zuo)為長期連(lian)續運行的驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例(li)如用于磁懸浮(fu)列車以(yi)(yi)及無(wu)鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯的驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控制方式(shi)進一(yi)步(bu)(bu)分為步(bu)(bu)進電機、伺服電機、力矩(ju)電機。

步進(jin)(jin)電機是一種把電脈(mo)沖信(xin)號轉換成角位移的電動(dong)機，每輸入(ru)一個脈(mo)沖信(xin)號，步進(jin)(jin)電機就按照(zhao)設定的方向轉動(dong)一個固定的角度。其結構簡單但(dan)效(xiao)率(lv)和(he)精度較低，多(duo)用于辦公自動(dong)化、通(tong)信(xin)設備、印(yin)刷設備等領(ling)域。 

伺服電(dian)機相較于步進(jin)電(dian)機增(zeng)加了編碼器(qi)(qi)與反饋機制(zhi)，使得(de)驅動器(qi)(qi)可以根據(ju)目標值與編碼器(qi)(qi)的反饋信號之(zhi)間的差異(yi)來調整(zheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動的角度，從而可實現(xian)更精密的控制(zhi)，主要適用于半(ban)導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工(gong)業自動化(hua)、機器(qi)(qi)人等對于控制(zhi)精度、速(su)度響應、過載能力及穩(wen)定性(xing)要求高的領域(yu)。空(kong)心杯(bei)電(dian)機是(shi)一種(zhong)特殊的伺服電(dian)機，采用無鐵芯(xin)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子，呈空(kong)心的杯(bei)狀結構，內部(bu)環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為控制方向(xiang)的(de)(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用開環控制。當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)(shi)能自動降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)加大輸出(chu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為一(yi)定值時(shi)(shi)改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端(duan)電(dian)壓便可(ke)調速。在電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低(di)速甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)(shi)仍(reng)能持續運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)會造成電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)損壞，并提(ti)供穩定的(de)(de)力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載，具有(you)低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能力強、響應(ying)快、特性線性度好等優(you)點(dian)。力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有(you)框力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)無框力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類(lei)型(xing)分為直流電機和交流電機

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)由直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電源驅(qu)動，交流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)由交流(liu)(liu)電源驅(qu)動。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)調速(su)性能好、啟(qi)動力矩大，適用(yong)于(yu)在(zai)重負載(zai)下啟(qi)動或需要(yao)均(jun)勻調節轉速(su)的機(ji)械。交流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)效(xiao)率高、噪音(yin)低，常用(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷的有無進(jin)一步分為有刷電機(ji)與(yu)無刷電機(ji)。對于直流(liu)電機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需要不斷(duan)改變電流(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)機采用機械(xie)換(huan)(huan)向，內(nei)部(bu)(bu)的(de)電(dian)樞和換(huan)(huan)向器一起(qi)旋轉，而(er)外(wai)部(bu)(bu)的(de)磁極和電(dian)刷(shua)都(dou)不動。通過換(huan)(huan)向器與電(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替(ti)接觸(chu)，電(dian)機運行時(shi)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向就會(hui)不斷改變，從而(er)改變電(dian)機的(de)運動方向。其優勢在(zai)于啟動快速(su)(su)、制動及時(shi)、調(diao)速(su)(su)平穩，并(bing)且(qie)啟動電(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低速(su)(su)時(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)能帶很重的(de)負荷，常(chang)(chang)用在(zai)電(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常(chang)(chang)電(dian)動工具中。但由(you)于換(huan)(huan)向器與電(dian)刷(shua)之(zhi)間存在(zai)摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)刷(shua)易損(sun)耗、壽命(ming)短，并(bing)且(qie)效率(lv)較低。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)氣換向(xiang)(xiang)，以霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)子換向(xiang)(xiang)器替(ti)代了(le)機(ji)械電(dian)刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其線(xian)圈不動而磁極旋轉。其原理(li)是通過霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件(jian)感知永(yong)磁體磁極的(de)(de)位置(zhi)，從而適時切換線(xian)圈中電(dian)流的(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)，以產(chan)生正確方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)磁力來驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)優勢在于(yu)故障率低(di)、使(shi)用壽命(ming)長、運行時間(jian)和電(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一個(ge)繞組(zu)，需(xu)借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)(deng)以產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。特(te)點(dian)是結構簡單(dan)、維修方(fang)便，多應用于小型家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等(deng)(deng)生(sheng)活場(chang)景(jing)。三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組(zu)分為三組(zu)，通入(ru)互差120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可(ke)產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大、可(ke)靠(kao)性和精度高，多用于水泵、機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床等(deng)(deng)工業(ye)領域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。