大興安嶺電機是一種將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換為機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)的裝置。大多(duo)數(shu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)流在導線繞(rao)組中(zhong)與磁場(chang)的相互作用(yong)來產(chan)生(sheng)扭矩，作用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸上形成(cheng)力。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)應(ying)用(yong)場(chang)景眾多(duo)，在消(xiao)費(fei)市場(chang)、工業、車載等都有應(ying)用(yong)。

下面我們(men)首先(xian)通(tong)過復盤海外(wai)高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商的發(fa)展歷程，了解率先(xian)布(bu)局高(gao)壁壘/新(xin)興領域+掌握一體(ti)化技術、掌握先(xian)發(fa)優(you)勢(shi)(shi)是維持(chi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高(gao)利潤的關鍵(jian)。當前(qian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競爭激(ji)烈，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)(shi)待發(fa)，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技術更新(xin)迭(die)代的機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇(yu)，及時布(bu)局伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真(zhen)正實現國產替代沖出重圍，在下一階段競爭中(zhong)搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相互作用從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳(chuan)遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義(yi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)統輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)(ge)類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用于我國(guo)經濟生(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)(ge)(ge)部門(men)以(yi)及家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)，主要(yao)作為驅(qu)動各(ge)(ge)(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備的動力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)統吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設(she)備的技(ji)術進步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國(guo)民經濟各(ge)(ge)(ge)部門(men)和(he)廣大城(cheng)鄉居(ju)民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指使(shi)用環(huan)境、生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝、技(ji)術標準等比較特殊(shu)而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構上來(lai)看，不同(tong)類型電(dian)機(ji)結(jie)構雖然不同(tong)，但一般都是由(you)三大部分(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)成，即固定部分(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉動部分(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)輔助部分(fen)(fen)(fen)。固定部分(fen)(fen)(fen)主要由(you)定子(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架、定子(zi)鐵(tie)心、定子(zi)繞組(zu)、端(duan)蓋及底板等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和(he)支撐固定等(deng)結(jie)構部件(jian)組(zu)合(he)；電(dian)機(ji)的(de)轉動部分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)括轉軸、轉子(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉子(zi)支架、轉子(zi)繞組(zu)、集(ji)電(dian)環、換向器和(he)風扇等(deng)部件(jian)；輔助部分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電(dian)刷和(he)冷(leng)卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有(you)多種分類方式，按照(zhao)應用領(ling)域(yu)分為動(dong)力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)；按照(zhao)電源(yuan)類型分為直流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應用(yong)領域(yu)分為動力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機

動(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)輸出(chu)(chu)功率較(jiao)大(da)，注(zhu)重電(dian)機(ji)的驅(qu)動(dong)、運行及制動(dong)性(xing)(xing)能，主(zhu)要(yao)應(ying)用于汽車、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)床等領域。控制電(dian)機(ji)側重電(dian)機(ji)輸出(chu)(chu)量的幅(fu)頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)及輸出(chu)(chu)特(te)性(xing)(xing)的精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度(du)等指標，精度(du)高(gao)、響(xiang)應(ying)速度(du)快，主(zhu)要(yao)在自動(dong)控制系統(tong)中(zhong)承擔執行、檢(jian)測和(he)解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)進一步分(fen)為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可看作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)展(zhan)平而(er)得，其(qi)定子叫初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次(ci)級，其(qi)優勢在于(yu)可以直(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而(er)無需再借助中(zhong)間(jian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝置(zhi)。常見的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)U型槽(cao)式(shi)、平板式(shi)和管式(shi)。其(qi)主要(yao)應用(yong)于(yu)自動(dong)控制系統、短(duan)距離需要(yao)巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)(yun)動(dong)能(neng)的(de)(de)裝置(zhi)或(huo)作(zuo)為(wei)長期連續運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例如用(yong)于(yu)磁懸浮(fu)列車(che)以及無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照(zhao)控制(zhi)方式進一步(bu)分為(wei)步(bu)進電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步進電(dian)機是一種把電(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)信號轉換成角位移的電(dian)動機，每輸入(ru)一個(ge)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)信號，步進電(dian)機就按照設(she)定的方向轉動一個(ge)固(gu)定的角度。其結構簡單但效率和精度較低，多用于(yu)辦公自動化、通信設(she)備(bei)、印(yin)刷設(she)備(bei)等領域。 

伺服(fu)(fu)電(dian)機相較于(yu)步進電(dian)機增加了編碼(ma)器與(yu)(yu)反饋機制(zhi)，使得驅動器可以根據目標值與(yu)(yu)編碼(ma)器的反饋信(xin)號之間的差(cha)異來調整轉子(zi)轉動的角度(du)，從而可實(shi)現更精密的控(kong)制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用(yong)于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動化、機器人等對于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能(neng)力及穩定性(xing)要(yao)求高的領(ling)域。空心(xin)杯(bei)(bei)電(dian)機是一種(zhong)特殊(shu)的伺服(fu)(fu)電(dian)機，采(cai)用(yong)無(wu)鐵芯轉子(zi)，呈空心(xin)的杯(bei)(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以(yi)扭矩(ju)為控制方(fang)向的電機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增(zeng)大時(shi)能自(zi)動降(jiang)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同時(shi)加(jia)大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為一(yi)定值時(shi)改變電機(ji)(ji)(ji)端電壓便可調速。在電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)低速甚(shen)至(zhi)堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍(reng)能持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的損壞(huai)，并(bing)提供穩定的力矩(ju)給負(fu)載(zai)，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭矩(ju)、過載(zai)能力強、響應快(kuai)、特性(xing)線性(xing)度(du)好等優點(dian)。力矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)分為有(you)框力矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)無(wu)框力矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型(xing)分(fen)為直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)

直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)，交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)速性能好、啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用于(yu)在重負載下啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)或需(xu)要均勻調(diao)(diao)節轉(zhuan)速的機(ji)(ji)械。交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、噪音低，常(chang)用于(yu)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷的有無進一步分(fen)為有刷電(dian)機與無刷電(dian)機。對(dui)于直流電(dian)機，為使(shi)轉子轉動需(xu)要不斷改變電(dian)流方向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用機(ji)(ji)(ji)械換向(xiang)，內部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而外部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都不動(dong)。通過換向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)運行(xing)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)方向(xiang)就(jiu)會不斷改(gai)(gai)變(bian)，從(cong)而改(gai)(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)運動(dong)方向(xiang)。其優(you)勢(shi)在(zai)于啟動(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)及時(shi)、調速(su)平穩，并且啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在(zai)低(di)速(su)時(shi)扭矩大(da)，因(yin)而能帶很重(zhong)的(de)(de)負荷，常(chang)用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由于換向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之(zhi)間存在(zai)摩擦(ca)，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易(yi)損耗、壽命短，并且效率較低(di)。

無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向，以霍(huo)爾元件等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向器(qi)替(ti)代了機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷裝置，其線圈不動(dong)而(er)(er)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極旋轉。其原(yuan)理是通(tong)過(guo)霍(huo)爾元件感知(zhi)永磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極的(de)位置，從而(er)(er)適時切換(huan)線圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向，以產生正(zheng)確方向的(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)力來(lai)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)優(you)勢(shi)在于故障(zhang)率低、使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)長、運行時間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分(fen)為單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用單相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅(jin)含一(yi)個(ge)繞組，需借助啟(qi)動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)(deng)以產生旋轉磁(ci)(ci)場。特(te)點是結構簡單、維修方(fang)便，多應用于小型家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)(deng)生活場景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組分(fen)為三(san)組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生旋轉磁(ci)(ci)場。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效(xiao)率高、功率大、可靠性(xing)和精度(du)高，多用于水泵、機(ji)床等(deng)(deng)工(gong)業(ye)領(ling)域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。