佳木斯電機是(shi)一種將電能轉換為機(ji)械能的(de)裝(zhuang)置。大多(duo)數電機(ji)通(tong)過(guo)電流在(zai)(zai)導線繞(rao)組中與磁場的(de)相互(hu)作用(yong)(yong)來產(chan)生扭矩(ju)，作用(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)電機(ji)軸上形成(cheng)力。電機(ji)應用(yong)(yong)場景(jing)眾多(duo)，在(zai)(zai)消費(fei)市(shi)場、工業、車(che)載等都有應用(yong)(yong)。

下面我(wo)們首先通(tong)過復盤海外高(gao)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的發(fa)展歷(li)程，了解率先布局高(gao)壁壘/新(xin)興(xing)領(ling)域+掌(zhang)握一體化技術、掌(zhang)握先發(fa)優勢是維(wei)持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高(gao)利潤的關鍵。當(dang)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競爭激(ji)烈，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓(zhua)住技術更新(xin)迭代的機(ji)(ji)遇，及(ji)時(shi)布局伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空(kong)心杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國(guo)產替(ti)代沖出重圍，在下一階段競爭中搶占先機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)從(cong)(cong)而實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換與傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)于我(wo)國經濟(ji)生產(chan)各部門以及(ji)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作(zuo)為驅動(dong)(dong)各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)的動(dong)(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關(guan)設備(bei)的技(ji)術進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利(li)用(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經濟(ji)各部門和廣大城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指使用(yong)環境、生產(chan)工藝、技(ji)術標(biao)準等(deng)比較特(te)殊(shu)而區別于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構上(shang)來(lai)看(kan)，不同類型電機結構雖然不同，但一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分組(zu)(zu)成，即固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分和(he)(he)輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分。固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分主要由定(ding)(ding)子機座、機架、定(ding)(ding)子鐵心(xin)、定(ding)(ding)子繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、端蓋及底板等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電和(he)(he)支撐固(gu)定(ding)(ding)等(deng)結構部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組(zu)(zu)合(he)；電機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子鐵心(xin)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、集電環、換向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)(he)風(feng)扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包括軸承、電刷(shua)和(he)(he)冷卻器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有多種分類方式，按照(zhao)(zhao)應用領(ling)域分為動力電機(ji)和控制(zhi)電機(ji)；按照(zhao)(zhao)電源類型分為直流(liu)電機(ji)和交流(liu)電機(ji)。

（1）按照(zhao)應用領域(yu)分為動力電(dian)機(ji)和控制電(dian)機(ji)

動力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)功(gong)率較大(da)，注重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的驅動、運(yun)行及制(zhi)(zhi)動性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，主(zhu)要應用于(yu)汽車(che)、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等領域。控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)側(ce)重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)量(liang)的幅頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)及輸出(chu)特(te)性(xing)(xing)的精度、靈敏度、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)(xing)度等指(zhi)標，精度高、響(xiang)應速(su)度快，主(zhu)要在(zai)自動控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)中承擔執行、檢測和(he)解算功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)(yun)動方式進(jin)一步分為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機和直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)機。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)機可(ke)看作由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機展平(ping)而得，其(qi)定子叫(jiao)初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級(ji)，其(qi)優勢在于可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)接將(jiang)電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動的(de)(de)機械能，而無(wu)需再(zai)借(jie)助(zhu)中間轉(zhuan)換裝置。常(chang)見的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)機可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式、平(ping)板式和管式。其(qi)主要應用(yong)于自動控(kong)制系統(tong)、短距離需要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動能的(de)(de)裝置或(huo)作為(wei)長期連(lian)續(xu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行的(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)動電(dian)機，例如用(yong)于磁懸浮列(lie)車以(yi)及(ji)無(wu)鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)(de)驅(qu)(qu)動。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方式進一步分為步進電機、伺(si)服電機、力(li)矩電機。

步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機是一種把電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖信號(hao)轉換成角(jiao)位移(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機，每輸入一個脈(mo)沖信號(hao)，步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機就按照設(she)(she)定的(de)方向轉動(dong)一個固(gu)定的(de)角(jiao)度。其結構簡單但效率和精度較(jiao)低，多用于辦公自動(dong)化、通(tong)信設(she)(she)備、印(yin)刷設(she)(she)備等領域(yu)。 

伺服電(dian)機相較于步進(jin)電(dian)機增加了編(bian)碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)與反饋機制，使得(de)驅動器(qi)(qi)(qi)可以根據(ju)目標值與編(bian)碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)反饋信號之間(jian)的(de)差異來調整(zheng)轉子轉動的(de)角度(du)，從而可實現更精(jing)密的(de)控制，主要適用(yong)于半(ban)導(dao)體、光伏(fu)、鋰電(dian)、工業自(zi)動化、機器(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)等對于控制精(jing)度(du)、速度(du)響應、過(guo)載能力及穩定性要求高的(de)領(ling)域。空心杯(bei)電(dian)機是一(yi)種特殊的(de)伺服電(dian)機，采(cai)用(yong)無(wu)鐵芯轉子，呈空心的(de)杯(bei)狀結(jie)構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)控制方向(xiang)的電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)能自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速，同(tong)時(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)一定(ding)值時(shi)改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端(duan)電(dian)壓便可(ke)調(diao)速。在電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速甚(shen)至(zhi)堵(du)轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能持續運轉(zhuan)，不會(hui)造成(cheng)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提供穩定(ding)的力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載，具有低轉(zhuan)速、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能力(li)(li)(li)強、響應快、特性線性度好等優點。力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分(fen)為(wei)有框力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分為直流電(dian)(dian)機和交流電(dian)(dian)機

直(zhi)流(liu)電機由(you)直(zhi)流(liu)電源驅(qu)動(dong)，交流(liu)電機由(you)交流(liu)電源驅(qu)動(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)電機調速性能好、啟(qi)動(dong)力矩(ju)大，適用于在重負載下啟(qi)動(dong)或需(xu)要均(jun)勻調節轉速的機械。交流(liu)電機效(xiao)率高、噪(zao)音低，常用于家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷的有無(wu)進一(yi)步(bu)分為有刷電(dian)機(ji)與(yu)無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)。對于直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需要不斷(duan)改變電(dian)流方向。

有刷電機采用(yong)機械換向(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)(de)電樞和換向(xiang)(xiang)器一起旋轉，而外部(bu)的(de)(de)磁(ci)極和電刷都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。通過換向(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電刷的(de)(de)交替接觸，電機運行時(shi)電流的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)就會不(bu)斷(duan)改變，從而改變電機的(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在于啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)(dong)及(ji)時(shi)、調速平(ping)穩(wen)，并(bing)(bing)且啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電流大(da)、在低速時(shi)扭矩大(da)，因(yin)而能帶很重(zhong)的(de)(de)負荷，常用(yong)在電鉆等日常電動(dong)(dong)(dong)工具中(zhong)。但由于換向(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電刷之間存在摩擦(ca)，因(yin)而電刷易損耗、壽(shou)命短，并(bing)(bing)且效(xiao)率較低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)氣換(huan)(huan)向，以霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件等電(dian)子換(huan)(huan)向器替(ti)代(dai)了機(ji)械電(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其(qi)線圈不動(dong)而磁極旋轉。其(qi)原理(li)是(shi)通過霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件感(gan)知永磁體磁極的位置，從而適時切換(huan)(huan)線圈中電(dian)流(liu)的方向，以產生正確方向的磁力來驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)的優勢在于故障率低(di)、使用(yong)壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)壓(ya)比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型(xing)分為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一個繞(rao)組，需借助(zhu)啟(qi)動線(xian)圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)(chang)。特(te)點是結構簡單(dan)、維(wei)修(xiu)方(fang)便，多(duo)應用(yong)于小型(xing)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場(chang)(chang)景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞(rao)組分為三(san)(san)組，通入(ru)互差120°的交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)(chang)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、功(gong)率(lv)大、可靠性和精度高，多(duo)用(yong)于水泵、機(ji)(ji)床等工(gong)業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。