鶴崗電機是一種將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換為機械(xie)能的裝置。大多數電(dian)(dian)(dian)機通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流在導線繞組中與磁場(chang)的相互作用(yong)來產生扭(niu)矩，作用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)機軸上(shang)形成力。電(dian)(dian)(dian)機應用(yong)場(chang)景眾多，在消費市場(chang)、工業、車載等都有應用(yong)。

下面我們(men)首(shou)先(xian)通過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)廠商(shang)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展歷程，了解率先(xian)布局(ju)高(gao)壁壘/新興(xing)領域+掌握(wo)一體化技(ji)術(shu)、掌握(wo)先(xian)發(fa)(fa)優(you)勢是維持電(dian)機(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的(de)關鍵。當前(qian)電(dian)機(ji)行業競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)激烈(lie)，人(ren)形機(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發(fa)(fa)，驅動電(dian)機(ji)廠商(shang)抓住技(ji)術(shu)更新迭代的(de)機(ji)遇(yu)，及時(shi)布局(ju)伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)、空心杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)、無(wu)框電(dian)機(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出重(zhong)圍，在下一階段競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)中搶占(zhan)先(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)磁相互作(zuo)用(yong)從(cong)(cong)而(er)實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換與(yu)(yu)傳遞(di)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類(lei)型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)我(wo)國(guo)經濟生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)部門以(yi)(yi)及(ji)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)(yao)作(zuo)為驅動(dong)各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設備的動(dong)力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設備的技術(shu)進(jin)步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國(guo)民(min)(min)經濟各(ge)部門和(he)廣(guang)大城鄉居(ju)民(min)(min)提(ti)供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)(yao)是指使(shi)用(yong)環境、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工藝、技術(shu)標準等(deng)比(bi)較特殊而(er)區別(bie)于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構上來看，不(bu)同類型電(dian)機(ji)(ji)結(jie)構雖(sui)然不(bu)同，但一(yi)般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成，即固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由定(ding)(ding)子機(ji)(ji)座、機(ji)(ji)架、定(ding)(ding)子鐵(tie)心、定(ding)(ding)子繞組、端蓋及底板等導磁(ci)、導電(dian)和支撐固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)等結(jie)構部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)組合；電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞組、集電(dian)環、換向器(qi)和風扇等部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括軸(zhou)(zhou)承、電(dian)刷(shua)和冷卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)多種分類方式，按照(zhao)應用領域分為動力電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)控制電機(ji)(ji)(ji)；按照(zhao)電源(yuan)類型分為直流電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)交流電機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力電機和控制電機

動力電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出功(gong)率較大(da)，注重電(dian)機(ji)的驅動、運行及制(zhi)動性(xing)(xing)(xing)能，主要應用于汽車(che)、家(jia)電(dian)、小型機(ji)床等領域。控制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)側重電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出量的幅(fu)頻(pin)(pin)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)、相頻(pin)(pin)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)及輸(shu)(shu)出特性(xing)(xing)(xing)的精度(du)(du)、靈敏度(du)(du)、穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)(xing)度(du)(du)等指標，精度(du)(du)高(gao)、響應速度(du)(du)快，主要在自動控制(zhi)系統(tong)中承擔(dan)執行、檢測和解(jie)算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)方式進(jin)一(yi)步分為旋(xuan)(xuan)轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可看作(zuo)由(you)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平而(er)得，其(qi)定子叫(jiao)初(chu)級、轉子叫(jiao)次級，其(qi)優勢在于可以直(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而(er)無(wu)需再借(jie)助中間轉換裝置(zhi)。常見(jian)的直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可分為U型槽(cao)式、平板式和管(guan)式。其(qi)主要應用(yong)于自動(dong)(dong)控制系統、短距離需要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)能(neng)的裝置(zhi)或(huo)作(zuo)為長期(qi)連續運(yun)(yun)行的驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例(li)如(ru)用(yong)于磁懸(xuan)浮列車以及無(wu)鋼絲(si)繩電(dian)梯的驅動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)式進(jin)一步(bu)分為步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機、伺服(fu)電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步進電機(ji)是一種把電脈沖信號轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)角(jiao)位移的(de)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，每輸入一個脈沖信號，步進電機(ji)就按照設定(ding)的(de)方向轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)一個固定(ding)的(de)角(jiao)度。其(qi)結構簡(jian)單但效率和精(jing)度較低(di)，多用于辦(ban)公(gong)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化、通信設備、印刷設備等(deng)領域。 

伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機相較于步進電(dian)機增加了編碼器(qi)與反饋機制，使(shi)得驅動(dong)器(qi)可以根據目標值與編碼器(qi)的(de)(de)反饋信號(hao)之間的(de)(de)差異來調整轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)角度(du)，從(cong)而可實現更精密(mi)的(de)(de)控(kong)制，主要(yao)適用(yong)于半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業(ye)自動(dong)化、機器(qi)人等對于控(kong)制精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過(guo)載能力及穩定(ding)性要(yao)求(qiu)高的(de)(de)領域。空心(xin)杯電(dian)機是一種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機，采用(yong)無(wu)鐵芯(xin)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部環(huan)繞(rao)著繞(rao)組(zu)和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機是(shi)以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)向的電(dian)機，采用開環控(kong)制(zhi)。當負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)增大(da)(da)時(shi)能自動(dong)降低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)加大(da)(da)輸出(chu)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)一定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)改變電(dian)機端電(dian)壓(ya)便(bian)可調速(su)。在電(dian)動(dong)機低(di)速(su)甚至堵(du)轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能持(chi)續運轉(zhuan)，不會(hui)造成電(dian)動(dong)機的損壞，并提供穩定(ding)的力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)給負載，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能力(li)(li)強、響應(ying)快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等(deng)優點。力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機分為(wei)有框力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機和無(wu)框力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機。

（2）按照電源(yuan)類(lei)型分為直流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)

直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由(you)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動，交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由(you)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動。直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)速(su)性(xing)能好、啟(qi)動力(li)矩大，適用于在(zai)重負載下啟(qi)動或需要均(jun)勻調(diao)節轉速(su)的機(ji)(ji)械。交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用于家用電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)刷的有(you)無(wu)進一步分(fen)為有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)機與無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)機。對于直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機，為使轉子轉動需要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用機(ji)械換向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞和換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)(er)外部的(de)磁極(ji)和電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)。通過換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)交替接(jie)觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)就會(hui)不(bu)斷改變，從而(er)(er)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動(dong)(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在于(yu)啟動(dong)(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時(shi)、調速(su)平穩，并且(qie)啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大、在低速(su)時(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)(er)能帶很重(zhong)的(de)負荷，常(chang)(chang)用在電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具(ju)中。但由于(yu)換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間存在摩(mo)擦，因而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易(yi)損(sun)耗、壽命短，并且(qie)效率較低。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換向，以霍(huo)(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換向器替代了(le)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其(qi)線(xian)圈不動而(er)磁極(ji)旋轉。其(qi)原(yuan)理是通過(guo)霍(huo)(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)感知永磁體(ti)磁極(ji)的位(wei)置，從而(er)適時切換線(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的方向，以產(chan)生正確方向的磁力來驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的優勢在于故障(zhang)率低(di)、使用壽命(ming)長(chang)、運行時間和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)類型分(fen)為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)與(yu)三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一個繞(rao)組(zu)，需(xu)借助(zhu)啟動(dong)線(xian)圈或運行電(dian)容器(qi)等以產生旋轉磁場(chang)(chang)。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維(wei)修(xiu)方便，多(duo)應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)器(qi)等生活場(chang)(chang)景。三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)，定(ding)子繞(rao)組(zu)分(fen)為三組(zu)，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)就可產生旋轉磁場(chang)(chang)。三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大、可靠性和(he)精(jing)度高，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)水泵、機(ji)(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。