齊齊哈爾電機是一(yi)種將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為機械(xie)能(neng)的裝(zhuang)置。大多數電(dian)機通過(guo)電(dian)流(liu)在(zai)導線繞組中(zhong)與磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)的相互作(zuo)用(yong)來(lai)產生(sheng)扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)機軸上形成力。電(dian)機應用(yong)場(chang)(chang)景眾多，在(zai)消費(fei)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、工業(ye)、車載等都有(you)應用(yong)。

下面我們(men)首(shou)先通過復盤海外(wai)高端(duan)電機(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)的(de)發(fa)展歷(li)程(cheng)，了解(jie)率先布(bu)局(ju)(ju)高壁壘/新興領域+掌握一體化技(ji)術(shu)、掌握先發(fa)優勢(shi)是維持電機(ji)企業(ye)高利潤(run)的(de)關鍵。當前電機(ji)行業(ye)競爭激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢(shi)待發(fa)，驅動電機(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)抓(zhua)住技(ji)術(shu)更(geng)新迭代的(de)機(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局(ju)(ju)伺服(fu)電機(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)、無框電機(ji)等，真正實現國產替(ti)代沖出重圍，在下一階段競爭中(zhong)搶占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)磁相(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換與(yu)(yu)傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置。廣(guang)義的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于我國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)生產(chan)各(ge)部(bu)(bu)門以(yi)及家(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主要作(zuo)為驅動(dong)各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設備(bei)的動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關(guan)設備(bei)的技術進步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)民經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)部(bu)(bu)門和(he)廣(guang)大(da)城鄉居(ju)民提供所(suo)需(xu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)環境、生產(chan)工(gong)藝、技術標準等比較特殊而區別于普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上(shang)來看，不同類型電(dian)機結構(gou)雖然不同，但一(yi)般都(dou)是由三大部分組成，即(ji)固定(ding)部分、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部分和(he)輔助(zhu)部分。固定(ding)部分主要由定(ding)子(zi)機座、機架、定(ding)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)子(zi)繞組、端蓋(gai)及(ji)底板等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和(he)支撐固定(ding)等(deng)結構(gou)部件(jian)組合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部分包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組、集電(dian)環、換向器(qi)和(he)風扇等(deng)部件(jian)；輔助(zhu)部分包括軸承、電(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機有多種(zhong)分類方式，按照應用領域(yu)分為動力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機；按照電(dian)源(yuan)類型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機和交流(liu)電(dian)機。

（1）按照應用領域分為動(dong)力電(dian)機和控制(zhi)電(dian)機

動力電機(ji)輸(shu)出功率較大，注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)電機(ji)的驅動、運行(xing)及制(zhi)動性(xing)(xing)能，主(zhu)要應(ying)(ying)用于汽車(che)、家電、小型機(ji)床(chuang)等領域。控制(zhi)電機(ji)側重(zhong)(zhong)電機(ji)輸(shu)出量的幅頻特性(xing)(xing)、相頻特性(xing)(xing)及輸(shu)出特性(xing)(xing)的精度、靈敏度、穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度等指標，精度高、響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)速度快，主(zhu)要在自動控制(zhi)系統中承擔執行(xing)、檢測(ce)和解(jie)算功能。

1）動力電機

按照(zhao)運(yun)動方(fang)式(shi)進一步分為(wei)(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)看(kan)作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)展平而(er)得，其(qi)定(ding)子叫初(chu)級、轉(zhuan)子叫次級，其(qi)優勢(shi)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而(er)無需(xu)再借助中間轉(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置。常見的(de)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和管式(shi)。其(qi)主要(yao)(yao)應用于(yu)(yu)(yu)自動控(kong)制系(xi)統、短(duan)距離需(xu)要(yao)(yao)巨大直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動能(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置或作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)長期(qi)連續運(yun)行的(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用于(yu)(yu)(yu)磁懸浮(fu)列車以(yi)及無鋼(gang)絲繩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制方式進一步(bu)分為(wei)步(bu)進電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力矩(ju)電機(ji)。

步進(jin)(jin)電(dian)機是(shi)一種(zhong)把(ba)電(dian)脈沖信號轉換成(cheng)角位(wei)移的電(dian)動(dong)機，每輸入一個(ge)脈沖信號，步進(jin)(jin)電(dian)機就按照設定的方向(xiang)轉動(dong)一個(ge)固定的角度(du)。其結構簡(jian)單但效率和精度(du)較低，多用(yong)于辦(ban)公自動(dong)化、通(tong)信設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺(si)服電機(ji)相較(jiao)于(yu)步進(jin)電機(ji)增加了(le)編碼器(qi)(qi)與(yu)反饋機(ji)制，使得驅動(dong)器(qi)(qi)可以根據目標值與(yu)編碼器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)反饋信號之間的(de)(de)差(cha)異來調整(zheng)轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)角度，從而可實現更精(jing)密(mi)的(de)(de)控制，主要(yao)適用(yong)于(yu)半導體、光伏(fu)、鋰電、工業自動(dong)化(hua)、機(ji)器(qi)(qi)人等對于(yu)控制精(jing)度、速度響應、過載能力及穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)(de)領域。空(kong)心(xin)杯電機(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)伺(si)服電機(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉(zhuan)子(zi)，呈(cheng)空(kong)心(xin)的(de)(de)杯狀(zhuang)結構(gou)，內(nei)部(bu)環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以(yi)扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)控(kong)(kong)制方向(xiang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開環控(kong)(kong)制。當(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大(da)時(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)一定值時(shi)(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓便(bian)可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)低(di)速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)）時(shi)(shi)仍(reng)能(neng)(neng)持續運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)損壞，并(bing)提供穩定的(de)(de)力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負載(zai)，具有(you)(you)低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力強、響應快、特性線性度好等(deng)優(you)點。力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)框力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無(wu)框力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電源類型分為直流(liu)電機和交流(liu)電機

直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)調速(su)性(xing)能好、啟動(dong)力矩(ju)大，適用于在重負載下(xia)啟動(dong)或需要均勻調節轉速(su)的(de)機(ji)械。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用于家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的有無進一步分為有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機與無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。對于直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，為使轉子(zi)轉動需要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)流方(fang)向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)換(huan)向，內部的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和換(huan)向器一(yi)起旋轉，而(er)外部的(de)(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)刷都不動(dong)。通過換(huan)向器與電(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方向就會(hui)不斷(duan)改變，從而(er)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)方向。其優(you)勢在(zai)于(yu)啟(qi)動(dong)快速、制動(dong)及時(shi)、調速平穩，并(bing)且啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)低速時(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)能(neng)帶很重的(de)(de)負(fu)荷，常用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由(you)于(yu)換(huan)向器與電(dian)(dian)刷之間存在(zai)摩(mo)擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷易損(sun)耗、壽(shou)命短，并(bing)且效(xiao)率較低。

無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)氣換(huan)向，以霍(huo)爾元件等電(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向器替代(dai)了機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)刷裝(zhuang)置，其(qi)線圈不動而磁(ci)極旋轉。其(qi)原理是通過霍(huo)爾元件感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的位(wei)置，從而適(shi)時切換(huan)線圈中(zhong)電(dian)流的方向，以產(chan)生正確方向的磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的優勢在于故障率(lv)低、使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)長、運(yun)行時間(jian)和電(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅(jin)含一個繞組，需借(jie)助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等以(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便(bian)，多應用(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等生(sheng)(sheng)活場景。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)三相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞組分為三組，通入互(hu)差120°的交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效率高、功(gong)率大、可靠性和精(jing)度(du)高，多用(yong)于(yu)水泵、機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。