雙鴨山電機是一種(zhong)將電能(neng)轉換為機(ji)械能(neng)的(de)裝置。大(da)多(duo)數電機(ji)通過(guo)電流在(zai)導線繞組(zu)中與磁場(chang)的(de)相互作用(yong)來(lai)產(chan)生(sheng)扭(niu)矩，作用(yong)在(zai)電機(ji)軸(zhou)上形成力。電機(ji)應用(yong)場(chang)景眾多(duo)，在(zai)消(xiao)費市場(chang)、工(gong)業、車載等都有應用(yong)。

下面我們(men)首(shou)先(xian)通過復盤海外高(gao)(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的(de)(de)發展(zhan)歷程，了解率先(xian)布(bu)局高(gao)(gao)壁壘(lei)/新(xin)興領域(yu)+掌握一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)技術(shu)、掌握先(xian)發優(you)勢是維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)(gao)利潤的(de)(de)關鍵。當前(qian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競爭(zheng)激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待(dai)發，驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技術(shu)更(geng)新(xin)迭代的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現(xian)國產替代沖出重(zhong)圍，在下一(yi)階段競爭(zheng)中搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相(xiang)互作用(yong)(yong)從而實現能(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳遞(di)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置。廣(guang)義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)械系統輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)于我(wo)國(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟生產各(ge)部門(men)以及(ji)家(jia)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為驅(qu)動(dong)各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)械設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)械系統吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)相(xiang)關設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)技術進步，使人們能(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱(re)能(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)、核能(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)、太陽能(neng)、生物質能(neng)等能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國(guo)民(min)經(jing)(jing)濟各(ge)部門(men)和(he)(he)廣(guang)大(da)城鄉居民(min)提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主要是指使用(yong)(yong)環境、生產工(gong)藝、技術標準等比(bi)較特殊(shu)而區別于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上來看，不(bu)同(tong)類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)結(jie)構(gou)雖然不(bu)同(tong)，但一般都(dou)是由三大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)，即固(gu)(gu)定部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)輔助(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。固(gu)(gu)定部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)主要由定子(zi)(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定子(zi)(zi)鐵心、定子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、端(duan)蓋(gai)及底板等導(dao)磁(ci)、導(dao)電(dian)(dian)和(he)支撐固(gu)(gu)定等結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)件組(zu)合(he)；電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)轉軸、轉子(zi)(zi)鐵心、轉子(zi)(zi)支架(jia)、轉子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、集電(dian)(dian)環、換(huan)向器和(he)風扇等部(bu)件；輔助(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)軸承、電(dian)(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)(ji)有多種(zhong)分類(lei)方式，按(an)(an)照應用領(ling)域分為動力電機(ji)(ji)和控制(zhi)電機(ji)(ji)；按(an)(an)照電源類(lei)型分為直流電機(ji)(ji)和交流電機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力(li)電機和(he)控制電機

動力電(dian)機(ji)輸出(chu)功率較大(da)，注重電(dian)機(ji)的驅動、運行及制動性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，主要應(ying)用于汽(qi)車、家(jia)電(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)床(chuang)等領域。控制電(dian)機(ji)側重電(dian)機(ji)輸出(chu)量(liang)的幅頻特性(xing)(xing)(xing)、相頻特性(xing)(xing)(xing)及輸出(chu)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)的精(jing)度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)度(du)等指(zhi)標(biao)，精(jing)度(du)高、響(xiang)應(ying)速度(du)快，主要在自動控制系統中承擔執(zhi)行、檢測和(he)解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方式(shi)進一步分為旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可看作由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)展平而得，其(qi)(qi)(qi)定子(zi)叫初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)叫次級(ji)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)優勢在于(yu)可以直(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)的機(ji)(ji)械能，而無(wu)需再借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。常(chang)見的直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可分為U型槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和(he)(he)管式(shi)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)主要(yao)(yao)應用(yong)于(yu)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系統、短距離需要(yao)(yao)巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)能的裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)或作為長(chang)期連(lian)續運(yun)行的驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例如(ru)用(yong)于(yu)磁懸浮列車以及無(wu)鋼(gang)絲(si)繩(sheng)電(dian)梯的驅動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進一步分為(wei)步進電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力(li)矩電(dian)機。

步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)種把電(dian)(dian)脈沖信號轉換成角位移的電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)，每輸入一(yi)個(ge)脈沖信號，步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)就按照(zhao)設定的方向轉動一(yi)個(ge)固定的角度。其(qi)結構簡單但(dan)效率和精度較低，多用于辦(ban)公自(zi)動化、通信設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相較(jiao)于(yu)(yu)步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)增加(jia)了編(bian)碼器與反(fan)饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使(shi)得驅動器可(ke)以根據目標值與編(bian)碼器的(de)反(fan)饋(kui)信(xin)號(hao)之間的(de)差異(yi)來調整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動的(de)角度(du)，從而可(ke)實現更精密的(de)控制(zhi)，主要適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工業(ye)自動化(hua)、機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人等對于(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載(zai)能(neng)力及(ji)穩定性要求高的(de)領域。空心(xin)杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)特殊的(de)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空心(xin)的(de)杯狀(zhuang)結構(gou)，內部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)為(wei)(wei)控(kong)制方(fang)向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采(cai)用開環控(kong)制。當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增(zeng)大(da)時(shi)能自動(dong)降(jiang)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同(tong)時(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)(wei)一定值時(shi)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)低速(su)甚至堵(du)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的損壞，并(bing)提供(gong)穩定的力(li)矩(ju)給(gei)負載，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)、過(guo)載能力(li)強、響應(ying)快、特(te)性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優點(dian)。力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為(wei)(wei)有框力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照(zhao)電源類型分為直流電機和交流電機

直流電機(ji)(ji)由直流電源驅動(dong)，交流電機(ji)(ji)由交流電源驅動(dong)。直流電機(ji)(ji)調速(su)性能好、啟動(dong)力矩大，適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)在(zai)重負載下啟動(dong)或需(xu)要均(jun)勻調節轉速(su)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械。交流電機(ji)(ji)效率高、噪(zao)音低，常用(yong)(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)(yong)電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)刷的有無進一步分為有刷電(dian)(dian)機與(yu)無刷電(dian)(dian)機。對于直流電(dian)(dian)機，為使(shi)轉子轉動需要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)流方向(xiang)。

有刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換向(xiang)，內(nei)部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和(he)換向(xiang)器(qi)一(yi)起旋轉，而外部(bu)的(de)磁(ci)極和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷都不動(dong)。通過換向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)(yun)行時電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)就會不斷改變(bian)，從(cong)而改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)。其優(you)勢在(zai)于啟(qi)動(dong)快速、制動(dong)及時、調速平穩，并且啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)低(di)(di)速時扭矩大，因(yin)而能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由于換向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷之(zhi)間(jian)存在(zai)摩(mo)擦，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)刷易損(sun)耗、壽命短(duan)，并且效(xiao)率較低(di)(di)。

無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)氣換向(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)霍爾元件等電(dian)子換向(xiang)(xiang)器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)刷裝(zhuang)置，其線圈(quan)不動而磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)旋轉。其原理是通過霍爾元件感知(zhi)永磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)的位置，從(cong)而適時切(qie)換線圈(quan)中電(dian)流的方向(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)產生正確方向(xiang)(xiang)的磁(ci)(ci)(ci)力來(lai)驅動電(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)的優勢在于故障率低、使用壽命長、運行時間(jian)和電(dian)壓(ya)比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機按照電(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)(xing)分為單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機與三相(xiang)電(dian)機。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)僅含(han)一(yi)個繞組(zu)，需借助啟動線(xian)圈或運(yun)行電(dian)容器等(deng)(deng)以(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)。特點是(shi)結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多(duo)應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)小型(xing)(xing)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)器等(deng)(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)活場(chang)景。三相(xiang)電(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)(yong)三相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)分為三組(zu)，通(tong)入互差(cha)120°的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)就(jiu)可(ke)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)。三相(xiang)電(dian)機效率(lv)高、功(gong)率(lv)大(da)、可(ke)靠性和(he)精度(du)高，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)水(shui)泵、機床(chuang)等(deng)(deng)工(gong)業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。