七臺河電機是(shi)一種將電能轉(zhuan)換為機(ji)械能的(de)裝置(zhi)。大多數(shu)電機(ji)通過(guo)電流在導線繞組中與磁場的(de)相互作用來(lai)產生扭(niu)矩，作用在電機(ji)軸上形(xing)成力。電機(ji)應(ying)用場景眾(zhong)多，在消費市場、工(gong)業(ye)、車(che)載等都有應(ying)用。

下面我們首先通(tong)過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)的(de)發展(zhan)歷程(cheng)，了解率先布局(ju)高(gao)壁壘/新(xin)興領(ling)域+掌握一(yi)體化技術、掌握先發優勢(shi)是(shi)維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的(de)關鍵。當前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待發，驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)抓(zhua)住技術更新(xin)迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局(ju)伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正(zheng)實(shi)現國產(chan)替代沖出重圍，在下一(yi)階(jie)段競(jing)爭中搶占(zhan)先機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相互(hu)作(zuo)用從而實現能(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)，各類(lei)型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用于(yu)我國經濟生(sheng)產各部門(men)以(yi)及(ji)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要(yao)作(zuo)為驅(qu)動各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)動力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)技術(shu)進步，使人們(men)能(neng)夠(gou)利用熱(re)能(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)、核能(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風(feng)能(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)等能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國民經濟各部門(men)和廣大(da)城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)是指使用環境、生(sheng)產工藝(yi)、技術(shu)標準等比較特(te)殊(shu)而區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上來看，不同類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)結(jie)構(gou)雖然不同，但(dan)一般都是由(you)三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)，即固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要(yao)由(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座、機(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組、端蓋及底(di)板等(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和(he)支撐固定(ding)(ding)等(deng)結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件組合；電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括轉軸、轉子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉子(zi)(zi)(zi)支架(jia)(jia)、轉子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組、集(ji)電(dian)環(huan)、換向器和(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括軸承、電(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有(you)多(duo)種分類方式，按(an)照(zhao)應用領域分為動力(li)電機(ji)和(he)控制電機(ji)；按(an)照(zhao)電源類型分為直(zhi)流電機(ji)和(he)交(jiao)流電機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應(ying)用領域分為動力電機和控制電機

動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)機輸出功率(lv)較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機的驅動(dong)、運行及制動(dong)性(xing)能(neng)，主(zhu)要應用于汽車、家電(dian)(dian)、小型機床(chuang)等領域(yu)。控制電(dian)(dian)機側(ce)重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機輸出量的幅頻特性(xing)、相頻特性(xing)及輸出特性(xing)的精(jing)度、靈敏度、穩定(ding)性(xing)、線性(xing)度等指標，精(jing)度高、響應速度快，主(zhu)要在自動(dong)控制系統中承(cheng)擔執行、檢測和解(jie)算(suan)功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式進一(yi)步分為(wei)旋(xuan)轉電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)由旋(xuan)轉電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平(ping)而得(de)，其(qi)定子叫初級、轉子叫次(ci)級，其(qi)優勢在于(yu)可(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而無(wu)需(xu)再(zai)借助中間轉換裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。常(chang)見的(de)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式、平(ping)板(ban)式和管式。其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)應用(yong)于(yu)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系統、短(duan)距離需(xu)要(yao)巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)能(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置或作(zuo)為(wei)長期連(lian)續運行的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用(yong)于(yu)磁(ci)懸浮列車(che)以及無(wu)鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方式進(jin)一(yi)步分為步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、力矩電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)(yi)種把電(dian)脈(mo)沖信號(hao)轉換成角位移(yi)的電(dian)動機(ji)，每輸(shu)入一(yi)(yi)個(ge)脈(mo)沖信號(hao)，步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)就按照設定的方向轉動一(yi)(yi)個(ge)固(gu)定的角度。其(qi)結(jie)構(gou)簡(jian)單(dan)但效率(lv)和精(jing)度較低，多用于辦公自動化、通信設備、印刷(shua)設備等領域(yu)。 

伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)相較于(yu)步進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)增加了編碼器與反饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)制，使(shi)得驅動器可以根據目標值與編碼器的(de)反饋(kui)信號之(zhi)間的(de)差異來調(diao)整轉子(zi)轉動的(de)角度(du)，從而可實現更精密的(de)控(kong)制，主要適用于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)(ji)器人等對(dui)于(yu)控(kong)制精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載(zai)能力及穩定性要求高的(de)領域。空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的(de)伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用無(wu)鐵(tie)芯轉子(zi)，呈空心的(de)杯狀結構，內(nei)部環繞著(zhu)繞組和(he)磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是以(yi)扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為控(kong)制方(fang)向的(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開環控(kong)制。當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)能(neng)自動(dong)(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速，同時(shi)加大輸出(chu)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)值時(shi)改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓(ya)便可(ke)調速。在電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)低速甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子(zi)無(wu)法(fa)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時(shi)仍能(neng)持(chi)續(xu)運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞，并提供穩定(ding)的(de)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載(zai)，具有低轉(zhuan)速、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)能(neng)力(li)強、響(xiang)應快、特性線(xian)性度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)為有框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)無(wu)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分(fen)為直流電機(ji)和交(jiao)流電機(ji)

直流(liu)電機(ji)由直流(liu)電源驅動(dong)，交流(liu)電機(ji)由交流(liu)電源驅動(dong)。直流(liu)電機(ji)調速性能好、啟(qi)動(dong)力矩(ju)大，適用于在重負載下啟(qi)動(dong)或需要均勻調節轉速的機(ji)械(xie)。交流(liu)電機(ji)效率高、噪音低(di)，常用于家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷的有無(wu)進一步分為(wei)有刷電(dian)機與(yu)無(wu)刷電(dian)機。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機，為(wei)使轉子轉動需要不(bu)斷改變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)機械換向(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)樞和換向(xiang)器一起旋轉(zhuan)，而(er)外部的磁極和電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動。通(tong)過換向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機運(yun)行時電(dian)(dian)流的方(fang)向(xiang)就會(hui)不斷改變(bian)，從而(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機的運(yun)動方(fang)向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于(yu)啟動快速、制動及時、調速平穩，并且啟動電(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)低(di)速時扭(niu)矩大，因(yin)而(er)能(neng)帶很(hen)重的負荷，常用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)動工具中。但由于(yu)換向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在(zai)摩(mo)擦，因(yin)而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易(yi)損耗、壽命短，并且效率較低(di)。

無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)(huan)向，以霍(huo)爾元件(jian)等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子換(huan)(huan)向器替代(dai)了(le)機械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，其線(xian)圈不動(dong)而磁(ci)極(ji)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)。其原理是通過霍(huo)爾元件(jian)感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的位置(zhi)，從而適時切換(huan)(huan)線(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方(fang)向，以產生正確方(fang)向的磁(ci)力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的優勢在(zai)于故障率低(di)、使(shi)用壽命長(chang)、運(yun)行時間和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按(an)照電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型(xing)(xing)分(fen)為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅含一(yi)個繞(rao)組，需借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器等以產生旋轉磁(ci)場。特(te)點是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多應用(yong)(yong)于小型(xing)(xing)家(jia)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器等生活場景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)(yong)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞(rao)組分(fen)為三(san)組，通入互差(cha)120°的交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)就可產生旋轉磁(ci)場。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、功率大(da)、可靠性和精度高，多用(yong)(yong)于水泵、機(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。