哈爾濱電機是一(yi)種將電能轉換為機械能的(de)裝置。大(da)多(duo)數電機通過電流(liu)在導線繞組中(zhong)與磁場的(de)相互作(zuo)用來產生扭(niu)矩，作(zuo)用在電機軸上形成力。電機應(ying)(ying)用場景眾多(duo)，在消費(fei)市(shi)場、工業、車載等都有應(ying)(ying)用。

下面我們首(shou)先(xian)(xian)通(tong)過復盤海外(wai)高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的(de)發(fa)(fa)展歷程，了(le)解率先(xian)(xian)布局(ju)高(gao)壁壘/新興(xing)領(ling)域(yu)+掌(zhang)握一體化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)、掌(zhang)握先(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高(gao)利(li)潤的(de)關鍵(jian)。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競(jing)爭激(ji)烈，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄(xu)勢待發(fa)(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技(ji)術(shu)更新迭代(dai)的(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局(ju)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實(shi)現國產替(ti)代(dai)沖出(chu)重圍，在下一階(jie)段競(jing)爭中搶占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作用(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳(chuan)遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義(yi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)(xi)統輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)我國經(jing)濟生(sheng)產各部(bu)門以(yi)及家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作為驅動(dong)各種機(ji)(ji)(ji)械設(she)備的(de)(de)動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)(xi)統吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設(she)備的(de)(de)技術進步(bu)，使人們(men)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經(jing)濟各部(bu)門和(he)廣大城鄉居民提(ti)供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是指(zhi)使用(yong)環(huan)境(jing)、生(sheng)產工藝、技術標準(zhun)等(deng)比較特殊而區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)上來看，不(bu)同(tong)類型電(dian)(dian)機(ji)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)雖然不(bu)同(tong)，但一般都是由(you)三(san)大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)成，即固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由(you)定(ding)子(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架、定(ding)子(zi)鐵(tie)心、定(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋(gai)及底(di)板等導磁、導電(dian)(dian)和(he)支(zhi)撐固定(ding)等結(jie)構(gou)(gou)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)組(zu)合(he)；電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支(zhi)架、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞組(zu)、集(ji)電(dian)(dian)環、換向器和(he)風扇等部(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)和(he)冷(leng)卻器等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)有多(duo)種(zhong)分(fen)類方式(shi)，按照(zhao)(zhao)應用領域分(fen)為(wei)動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按照(zhao)(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應用領域分為動力電機和(he)控制電機

動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出功率較大(da)，注重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)驅動、運行(xing)及制(zhi)動性能(neng)，主(zhu)要應用于汽(qi)車、家電(dian)(dian)、小(xiao)型機(ji)床等領域。控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)側重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出量的(de)幅(fu)頻特性、相頻特性及輸(shu)出特性的(de)精(jing)度、靈敏度、穩定性、線性度等指(zhi)標(biao)，精(jing)度高、響應速(su)度快，主(zhu)要在自動控制(zhi)系統中(zhong)承擔執行(xing)、檢測和解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)進一步分為(wei)旋轉電機(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)可(ke)(ke)看(kan)作由旋轉電機(ji)展平而(er)得，其定(ding)子(zi)叫初級、轉子(zi)叫次級，其優勢在于(yu)(yu)可(ke)(ke)以直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)將電能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，而(er)無需(xu)再借助中(zhong)間(jian)轉換(huan)裝置。常見的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)和管式(shi)(shi)。其主要應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制系統、短距離需(xu)要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)裝置或作為(wei)長期連續運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電機(ji)，例如用(yong)于(yu)(yu)磁懸浮列車以及無鋼絲繩(sheng)電梯的(de)(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進(jin)一步分(fen)為步進(jin)電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步進電機是一(yi)種(zhong)把電脈沖(chong)信號轉換成角位移(yi)的電動機，每輸入一(yi)個(ge)脈沖(chong)信號，步進電機就(jiu)按照設定的方向轉動一(yi)個(ge)固定的角度。其結(jie)構(gou)簡單但效率和精度較(jiao)低，多用于辦公自(zi)動化、通信設備、印刷(shua)設備等領域。 

伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相較(jiao)于(yu)(yu)步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)增加了編碼器與反饋機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使(shi)得驅動器可(ke)以根據目標值與編碼器的(de)反饋信(xin)號之間的(de)差(cha)異來調整轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動的(de)角度，從而(er)可(ke)實(shi)現更(geng)精(jing)密的(de)控制(zhi)，主(zhu)要(yao)適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)半導體(ti)、光伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)、工業(ye)自動化、機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人等對于(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)精(jing)度、速度響應、過載能(neng)力及穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)領域(yu)。空心杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的(de)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵芯(xin)轉(zhuan)子(zi)，呈空心的(de)杯狀結構，內部(bu)環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁鐵。

力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭(niu)矩為控制方向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用(yong)開環控制。當(dang)(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩增大(da)(da)(da)時能(neng)自動(dong)降低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大(da)(da)(da)輸出轉(zhuan)矩，當(dang)(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩為一定(ding)值時改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)低(di)速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的損(sun)壞，并提供穩定(ding)的力(li)矩給負(fu)載(zai)，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)(da)(da)扭(niu)矩、過載(zai)能(neng)力(li)強、響應(ying)快、特性線性度好等(deng)優點。力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為有框力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無框力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電(dian)源類(lei)型分為直流電(dian)機和交流電(dian)機

直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由(you)(you)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)源(yuan)驅動，交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由(you)(you)交(jiao)流電(dian)源(yuan)驅動。直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速性能好、啟動力矩大，適用(yong)于在重負載下啟動或需要(yao)均勻調節轉速的機(ji)(ji)械。交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用(yong)于家用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)刷的(de)有(you)無進一步分為(wei)有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。對(dui)于直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，為(wei)使轉子轉動需要不斷改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)流方向。

有刷電機(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)械(xie)換(huan)向(xiang)，內(nei)部的(de)電樞和(he)(he)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉(zhuan)，而(er)(er)外部的(de)磁(ci)極和(he)(he)電刷都(dou)不(bu)動(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電刷的(de)交替(ti)接觸，電機(ji)運行時(shi)電流(liu)的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改(gai)變(bian)，從而(er)(er)改(gai)變(bian)電機(ji)的(de)運動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)(zai)于啟動(dong)快(kuai)速、制動(dong)及(ji)時(shi)、調速平穩，并(bing)且啟動(dong)電流(liu)大(da)、在(zai)(zai)低速時(shi)扭矩大(da)，因(yin)而(er)(er)能帶很(hen)重(zhong)的(de)負(fu)荷，常(chang)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電鉆等(deng)日常(chang)電動(dong)工(gong)具中。但由于換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電刷之(zhi)間存在(zai)(zai)摩擦，因(yin)而(er)(er)電刷易(yi)損耗、壽命短，并(bing)且效率較低。

無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以霍爾(er)元件等電(dian)(dian)子(zi)換向(xiang)器替代了機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷裝置，其(qi)線圈不動(dong)而磁極(ji)旋轉。其(qi)原理是(shi)通(tong)過霍爾(er)元件感知永磁體磁極(ji)的(de)位(wei)置，從而適時(shi)切(qie)換線圈中電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)，以產生正(zheng)確(que)方向(xiang)的(de)磁力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)優勢在于故障率低(di)、使用壽命(ming)長、運行時(shi)間(jian)和電(dian)(dian)壓比較穩(wen)定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分為(wei)單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與(yu)三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用單相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一個繞組，需借助啟(qi)動線(xian)圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產生旋轉磁(ci)場。特點是結(jie)構簡單、維修方便，多應用于(yu)小型(xing)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生活場景(jing)。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用三相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞組分為(wei)三組，通入互差(cha)120°的交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可(ke)(ke)產生旋轉磁(ci)場。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、功率大、可(ke)(ke)靠性和(he)精度高，多用于(yu)水泵、機(ji)(ji)床等工(gong)業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。