黑河電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)械能的裝置(zhi)。大多數電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流在(zai)導線繞組中與磁場(chang)(chang)的相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)來產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軸上形成力。電(dian)機(ji)應用(yong)(yong)場(chang)(chang)景眾多，在(zai)消費市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、工業、車載等都有應用(yong)(yong)。

下面我們首(shou)先(xian)(xian)通過復(fu)盤海外高(gao)(gao)端(duan)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商的(de)發展歷程，了解(jie)率先(xian)(xian)布局高(gao)(gao)壁壘/新(xin)興領域(yu)+掌握一體化技術、掌握先(xian)(xian)發優勢是(shi)維持電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)(gao)利潤的(de)關鍵。當前電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競爭激(ji)烈，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄(xu)勢待發，驅動電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商抓住技術更新(xin)迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺服(fu)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)，真(zhen)正(zheng)實現國產(chan)替代沖出重圍，在下一階(jie)段(duan)競爭中搶占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁(ci)相互作(zuo)用(yong)從而實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳遞(di)的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置(zhi)。廣(guang)義(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)我國(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟生產各部門(men)以(yi)及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，主要作(zuo)為驅動各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設備(bei)(bei)的(de)動力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設備(bei)(bei)的(de)技術(shu)進(jin)步(bu)，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國(guo)民經(jing)(jing)濟各部門(men)和(he)廣(guang)大城鄉居(ju)民提供(gong)所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是指使用(yong)環境、生產工藝、技術(shu)標準等比(bi)較特殊而區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構上來看，不(bu)同(tong)類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)結構雖然不(bu)同(tong)，但一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，即固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由定(ding)子(zi)(zi)機(ji)(ji)座、機(ji)(ji)架、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋及底(di)板等導磁、導電(dian)(dian)和(he)支撐(cheng)固定(ding)等結構部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)組(zu)合；電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、集電(dian)(dian)環、換向器(qi)和(he)風扇(shan)等部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)和(he)冷(leng)卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電機有多種分(fen)類方式，按照應(ying)用領域分(fen)為(wei)動力電機和控制電機；按照電源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流電機和交流電機。

（1）按照(zhao)應(ying)用領域分(fen)為動力(li)電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動力電機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功率較大，注重電機(ji)的(de)驅動、運行及制動性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能，主要應用于汽車、家電、小型(xing)機(ji)床等領域。控制電機(ji)側重電機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量的(de)幅(fu)頻特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、相頻特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及輸(shu)出(chu)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響應速度(du)快，主要在自動控制系統中承(cheng)擔執(zhi)行、檢測和(he)解(jie)算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)動方式(shi)進一步分(fen)為(wei)旋轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)看作(zuo)由旋轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)展平而得，其(qi)定子(zi)叫初級、轉子(zi)叫次級，其(qi)優勢(shi)在于(yu)(yu)可(ke)(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)能轉換為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)動的(de)機(ji)(ji)械能，而無需再借助中(zhong)間轉換裝置。常見的(de)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平板(ban)式(shi)和管式(shi)。其(qi)主要(yao)應用于(yu)(yu)自動控制(zhi)系統(tong)、短距離需要(yao)巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)動能的(de)裝置或作(zuo)為(wei)長期連續運(yun)(yun)行的(de)驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例如(ru)用于(yu)(yu)磁(ci)懸浮列車以及無鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按照控制方(fang)式進一步(bu)分(fen)為步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)是一種把電(dian)脈沖(chong)信號(hao)(hao)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成角位移的電(dian)動機(ji)，每(mei)輸入(ru)一個脈沖(chong)信號(hao)(hao)，步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)就按照設(she)定的方向轉(zhuan)動一個固(gu)定的角度(du)。其結構簡單但效率和精度(du)較低，多用于辦公自(zi)動化、通信設(she)備、印刷設(she)備等領域。 

伺服電機相較(jiao)于步進電機增加了編(bian)碼器(qi)與反饋機制(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)可(ke)(ke)以根據目(mu)標值與編(bian)碼器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反饋信號之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異來調整(zheng)轉子(zi)轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度，從(cong)而可(ke)(ke)實(shi)現更精密的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)，主要適用于半(ban)導體(ti)、光伏、鋰(li)電、工業自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)、機器(qi)人等對于控(kong)制(zhi)精度、速度響應、過載能(neng)力及(ji)穩定性要求高的(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)域。空心(xin)杯電機是一種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)伺服電機，采用無鐵芯轉子(zi)，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部(bu)環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為控制方向的電(dian)機(ji)，采用(yong)開環控制。當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)(shi)能自動(dong)(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速，同時(shi)(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定值時(shi)(shi)改變電(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)壓便可(ke)調(diao)速。在電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)低速甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時(shi)(shi)仍能持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造(zao)成電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的損壞，并提供穩定的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給(gei)負(fu)載，具有低轉(zhuan)速、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能力(li)強、響應(ying)快(kuai)、特(te)性(xing)線性(xing)度好等(deng)優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)分為有框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)和無(wu)框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電(dian)源類型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)機

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機由直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動，交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機由交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機調(diao)速(su)(su)性能(neng)好、啟動力矩大，適用(yong)(yong)于在重負載下(xia)啟動或需(xu)要均勻調(diao)節轉速(su)(su)的(de)機械(xie)。交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機效率高、噪音低，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)于家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷的有無進一步分為(wei)有刷電(dian)機與無刷電(dian)機。對于直流電(dian)機，為(wei)使轉子轉動需要(yao)不斷改變電(dian)流方(fang)向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)機采用機械換向(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向(xiang)(xiang)器一起旋(xuan)轉，而外部(bu)的磁(ci)極(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷都不(bu)動(dong)。通過換向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)刷的交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機運行時電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改變(bian)，從而改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機的運動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢(shi)在于啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)快速(su)(su)、制動(dong)及時、調(diao)速(su)(su)平穩，并(bing)且啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在低速(su)(su)時扭矩(ju)大(da)，因(yin)而能帶很重的負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但(dan)由于換向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)刷之(zhi)間存在摩擦，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)刷易(yi)損耗、壽(shou)命(ming)短，并(bing)且效率較低。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向，以霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其(qi)(qi)線(xian)圈(quan)不動(dong)而磁(ci)極(ji)旋(xuan)轉。其(qi)(qi)原理(li)是通過霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件(jian)感知永(yong)磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的(de)位置，從(cong)而適時切換(huan)線(xian)圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向，以產生(sheng)正確方向的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)優勢在于故障率低、使用壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類(lei)型分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅含一個(ge)繞組(zu)，需借(jie)助啟動線圈或運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等以產(chan)生旋轉磁(ci)場。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多(duo)應用(yong)(yong)于小型家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等生活場景。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)三(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞組(zu)分為(wei)三(san)組(zu)，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生旋轉磁(ci)場。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)效率高(gao)、功率大、可靠性(xing)和精度高(gao)，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)于水泵、機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。