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靜海電機行業怎么樣?

發表時間:2024-03-14 訪問(wen)量(liang):19997

靜海電機是一種將電能(neng)轉換為機械(xie)能(neng)的(de)裝置。大多數電機通過電流在導線繞組中與磁場的(de)相互作(zuo)用(yong)來產生扭矩,作(zuo)用(yong)在電機軸上(shang)形成力。電機應(ying)用(yong)場景眾多,在消費市(shi)場、工業、車(che)載等都有(you)應(ying)用(yong)。

下面我們首先通(tong)過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商的發(fa)(fa)展歷程,了解(jie)率先布局高(gao)壁壘/新興領域+掌握(wo)一(yi)體化技術(shu)、掌握(wo)先發(fa)(fa)優勢是維(wei)持電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業(ye)(ye)高(gao)利潤的關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業(ye)(ye)競(jing)爭(zheng)激(ji)烈,人形機(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待發(fa)(fa),驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商抓住技術(shu)更新迭代的機(ji)(ji)遇(yu),及時布局伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等,真正實現國產替(ti)代沖出重圍,在下一(yi)階段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶占先機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。廣(guang)義(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),各類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)于我(wo)國經濟生(sheng)產(chan)各部門(men)以(yi)及(ji)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong),主(zhu)要(yao)作(zuo)為(wei)驅動(dong)各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設備的(de)動(dong)力;發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng),發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)關設備的(de)技術(shu)進步,使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),向(xiang)國民(min)經濟各部門(men)和廣(guang)大(da)城(cheng)鄉居民(min)提(ti)供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng);特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)是指使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環(huan)境(jing)、生(sheng)產(chan)工藝、技術(shu)標準等比較(jiao)特殊而區別于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)(gou)上來看,不同類型電(dian)機結構(gou)(gou)雖然不同,但一般都是由(you)三大部(bu)(bu)分組(zu)成(cheng),即固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分和輔助部(bu)(bu)分。固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分主要由(you)定(ding)子(zi)機座、機架(jia)、定(ding)子(zi)鐵心、定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、端蓋及(ji)底(di)板等(deng)導(dao)磁(ci)、導(dao)電(dian)和支撐固(gu)定(ding)等(deng)結構(gou)(gou)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)組(zu)合;電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、集電(dian)環(huan)、換向器和風扇(shan)等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件(jian);輔助部(bu)(bu)分包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)軸承、電(dian)刷(shua)和冷卻器等(deng)。


2.電機分類

電機(ji)(ji)(ji)有多種分(fen)類方式,按照應用領域分(fen)為動力電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和控(kong)制(zhi)電機(ji)(ji)(ji);按照電源(yuan)類型分(fen)為直流電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流電機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

(1)按照應用領域分為動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出功率較大,注重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的驅動(dong)、運行(xing)及(ji)(ji)制(zhi)動(dong)性(xing)能,主要(yao)應用于汽車、家電(dian)(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)床等領域。控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出量的幅頻特(te)(te)性(xing)、相(xiang)頻特(te)(te)性(xing)及(ji)(ji)輸出特(te)(te)性(xing)的精度(du)(du)、靈(ling)敏度(du)(du)、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)(du)等指標,精度(du)(du)高、響應速度(du)(du)快,主要(yao)在(zai)自動(dong)控制(zhi)系統中承擔執行(xing)、檢測(ce)和解算(suan)功能。

1)動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)動方式(shi)進一(yi)步分為(wei)旋轉電(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可看(kan)作(zuo)由旋轉電(dian)機(ji)展平而(er)得,其(qi)定子(zi)叫初級、轉子(zi)叫次(ci)級,其(qi)優勢在于可以直(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)能轉換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)(yun)動的機(ji)械(xie)能,而(er)無需(xu)再借助中間轉換(huan)裝置(zhi)。常見(jian)的直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可分為(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和管式(shi)。其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)應用于自動控制(zhi)系統、短(duan)距離需(xu)要(yao)巨(ju)大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)(yun)動能的裝置(zhi)或作(zuo)為(wei)長期(qi)連續運(yun)(yun)行的驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji),例如用于磁懸浮列車以及無鋼絲繩(sheng)電(dian)梯的驅(qu)動。

2)控制電機

按照控制方式進一(yi)步(bu)分為步(bu)進電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)機是一種把電(dian)脈沖信號轉換成角位(wei)移(yi)的(de)(de)電(dian)動機,每(mei)輸(shu)入一個脈沖信號,步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)機就按(an)照(zhao)設定的(de)(de)方向轉動一個固定的(de)(de)角度。其結構簡單但效率和精度較低,多(duo)用于(yu)辦(ban)公(gong)自動化(hua)、通信設備、印(yin)刷(shua)設備等領域。 

伺服電(dian)機(ji)相較于步進電(dian)機(ji)增加了編碼器與反饋機(ji)制(zhi),使(shi)得驅動器可以根據目(mu)標(biao)值與編碼器的(de)(de)反饋信號之間(jian)的(de)(de)差異來調整轉子(zi)轉動的(de)(de)角度,從而可實現更精密的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi),主要適(shi)用于半導體(ti)、光伏、鋰(li)電(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)器人等對于控(kong)制(zhi)精度、速度響應、過載能(neng)力及穩(wen)定性要求高的(de)(de)領域。空心杯電(dian)機(ji)是一種特殊的(de)(de)伺服電(dian)機(ji),采用無鐵芯轉子(zi),呈空心的(de)(de)杯狀結構,內部環繞著繞組(zu)和磁鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)為控制方向的電(dian)機(ji),采(cai)用開環控制。當負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大時能(neng)自動降(jiang)低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)速(su),同時加(jia)大輸(shu)出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju),當負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)值時改變電(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)壓便可調(diao)速(su)。在電(dian)動機(ji)低(di)(di)速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)(轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)動)時仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan),不會造成電(dian)動機(ji)的損壞,并提供穩定(ding)的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負載,具(ju)有(you)低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載能(neng)力(li)強、響應快(kuai)、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好(hao)等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)分為有(you)框(kuang)(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)無(wu)框(kuang)(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)。

(2)按照(zhao)電源類型分為(wei)直流(liu)電機和交流(liu)電機

直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong),交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由交流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)。直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)調速(su)性能好、啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力矩大,適用(yong)于在重負載下(xia)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)或需要均勻調節轉(zhuan)速(su)的機(ji)械。交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低,常用(yong)于家用(yong)電(dian)器中(zhong)。

1)直流電機

按照(zhao)電刷的有(you)無(wu)進(jin)一步分為有(you)刷電機與無(wu)刷電機。對于(yu)直流(liu)電機,為使(shi)轉子轉動需要不(bu)斷(duan)改變電流(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用機(ji)(ji)械換向(xiang),內部的電(dian)樞和換向(xiang)器一起旋轉,而外(wai)部的磁極和電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)。通(tong)過換向(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的交替接(jie)觸,電(dian)機(ji)(ji)運行時電(dian)流(liu)的方(fang)向(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改(gai)變(bian),從而改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的運動(dong)(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)。其優(you)勢在(zai)于啟動(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時、調速平穩,并且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在(zai)低速時扭(niu)矩大(da),因(yin)(yin)而能帶很(hen)重(zhong)的負荷(he),常用在(zai)電(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具(ju)中。但(dan)由(you)于換向(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之(zhi)間存在(zai)摩擦,因(yin)(yin)而電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易損(sun)耗、壽命短(duan),并且效率較低。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向,以霍(huo)爾(er)元件等電(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向器(qi)替代(dai)了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置,其線(xian)(xian)圈不(bu)動(dong)而磁極(ji)(ji)旋轉。其原理(li)是通過霍(huo)爾(er)元件感知永(yong)磁體磁極(ji)(ji)的位置,從而適時(shi)(shi)切換(huan)線(xian)(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)流的方向,以產生正確方向的磁力(li)來驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的優勢在于(yu)故(gu)障率低、使用(yong)壽命長(chang)、運行(xing)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和電(dian)(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩定。

2)交流電機

交流電機(ji)(ji)(ji)按照電源(yuan)類型分為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)與三相(xiang)(xiang)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交流電源(yuan)供電,定子(zi)(zi)僅含一個繞組,需借助啟(qi)動線圈或(huo)運(yun)行電容器等(deng)以產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)場(chang)。特(te)點是(shi)結構簡單(dan)、維修方便(bian),多(duo)應(ying)用于小型家用電器等(deng)生(sheng)活場(chang)景。三相(xiang)(xiang)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用三相(xiang)(xiang)交流電源(yuan)供電,定子(zi)(zi)繞組分為三組,通(tong)入互差(cha)120°的交流電就可產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)場(chang)。三相(xiang)(xiang)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)效率高(gao)、功率大、可靠(kao)性(xing)和精度高(gao),多(duo)用于水泵(beng)、機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同,交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定,而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動,如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械,如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等,由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。


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