薊州電機是一(yi)種將電能(neng)轉(zhuan)換為機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置。大多數電機(ji)(ji)通過電流在導線繞(rao)組中與磁場(chang)的(de)相(xiang)互作用(yong)(yong)來產生扭矩，作用(yong)(yong)在電機(ji)(ji)軸上形成(cheng)力(li)。電機(ji)(ji)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)場(chang)景(jing)眾(zhong)多，在消(xiao)費市場(chang)、工業、車載等都有應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。

下面我們首先通(tong)過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)的發(fa)展歷程，了解(jie)率(lv)先布局高(gao)壁壘/新興領(ling)域+掌握(wo)(wo)一體化技術、掌握(wo)(wo)先發(fa)優勢是維持(chi)電(dian)機(ji)企業高(gao)利潤(run)的關鍵(jian)。當前電(dian)機(ji)行業競爭(zheng)激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發(fa)，驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)抓住技術更新迭(die)代的機(ji)遇，及(ji)時布局伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)機(ji)等(deng)，真(zhen)正實現(xian)國產替代沖出(chu)重圍，在下一階段競爭(zheng)中搶占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相互作用(yong)從而(er)實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣(guang)義的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和特種電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)系統吸收電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)(ji)械系統輸出機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類(lei)型的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于我國經濟(ji)生(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)部(bu)門(men)以及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作為驅動(dong)各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)械設備(bei)的(de)動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)械系統吸收機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)系統輸出電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和相關設備(bei)的(de)技(ji)術進步，使(shi)(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國民經濟(ji)各(ge)部(bu)門(men)和廣(guang)大城(cheng)鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是指使(shi)(shi)用(yong)環境、生(sheng)產(chan)工藝、技(ji)術標準等比較特殊而(er)區別于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結構上來(lai)看，不同類型電機(ji)結構雖然不同，但一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)，即固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主(zhu)要由定(ding)(ding)子機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子鐵心、定(ding)(ding)子繞(rao)組(zu)、端蓋及底板等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電和(he)支撐(cheng)固定(ding)(ding)等(deng)結構部(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合(he)；電機(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子鐵心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞(rao)組(zu)、集電環、換向器(qi)和(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件；輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括軸(zhou)(zhou)承、電刷和(he)冷卻(que)器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有(you)多種分(fen)類方式，按照應用(yong)領(ling)域分(fen)為(wei)動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)；按照電源類型(xing)分(fen)為(wei)直流電機(ji)和交(jiao)流電機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應用領域分為(wei)動(dong)力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率較(jiao)大，注重電機(ji)的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)、運行(xing)及制動(dong)(dong)(dong)性(xing)能(neng)，主要應用于汽車、家電、小型(xing)機(ji)床等領域。控制電機(ji)側重電機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量的(de)幅頻特(te)(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)(te)性(xing)及輸(shu)出(chu)特(te)(te)性(xing)的(de)精度(du)、靈敏(min)度(du)、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響應速度(du)快，主要在自動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制系(xi)統中承擔執(zhi)行(xing)、檢測(ce)和解算功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運動方(fang)式(shi)進一步分為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和直線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作由(you)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平(ping)而(er)得，其(qi)(qi)定(ding)子叫初級、轉(zhuan)子叫次級，其(qi)(qi)優(you)勢在于(yu)可(ke)以直接將電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)直線(xian)運動的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能，而(er)無需再(zai)借助中間轉(zhuan)換裝置(zhi)。常(chang)見的(de)直線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)U型(xing)槽式(shi)、平(ping)板式(shi)和管式(shi)。其(qi)(qi)主要應用于(yu)自動控(kong)制系統、短距(ju)離需要巨大直線(xian)運動能的(de)裝置(zhi)或(huo)作為(wei)長(chang)期連續運行的(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁懸浮列車以及無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制(zhi)方式進(jin)一步分(fen)為步進(jin)電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)(yi)種把電(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)信號轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成角位移的電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，每輸入一(yi)(yi)個脈(mo)沖(chong)信號，步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)就按照(zhao)設定的方向轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)一(yi)(yi)個固(gu)定的角度(du)。其結構簡單但(dan)效(xiao)率和精度(du)較低，多用于辦公自動(dong)化、通信設備、印(yin)刷設備等領域。 

伺服電機相(xiang)較于(yu)步(bu)進電機增加了(le)編碼器與反饋機制，使得驅動器可以根(gen)據目標值與編碼器的(de)(de)(de)反饋信(xin)號之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異來調整轉子(zi)轉動的(de)(de)(de)角度，從而(er)可實(shi)現更精密的(de)(de)(de)控制，主要適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)半導體、光伏(fu)、鋰電、工業自動化(hua)、機器人等(deng)對(dui)于(yu)控制精度、速度響應、過(guo)載能力及穩定性(xing)要求高的(de)(de)(de)領域(yu)。空(kong)(kong)心杯電機是(shi)一種特殊的(de)(de)(de)伺服電機，采用(yong)(yong)無鐵(tie)芯轉子(zi)，呈空(kong)(kong)心的(de)(de)(de)杯狀結構(gou)，內部環繞(rao)著(zhu)繞(rao)組和磁鐵(tie)。

力矩(ju)電(dian)機是以扭(niu)矩(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)控制方向的(de)(de)電(dian)機，采用開環控制。當(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大(da)時(shi)(shi)能自動降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一定(ding)值時(shi)(shi)改變(bian)電(dian)機端電(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在(zai)電(dian)動機低速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)無法(fa)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)(shi)仍能持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會(hui)造成(cheng)電(dian)動機的(de)(de)損(sun)壞，并提供穩定(ding)的(de)(de)力矩(ju)給負載(zai)，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)、過載(zai)能力強、響(xiang)應(ying)快、特性線性度好等(deng)優(you)點。力矩(ju)電(dian)機分為(wei)(wei)(wei)有框(kuang)力矩(ju)電(dian)機和無框(kuang)力矩(ju)電(dian)機。

（2）按(an)照電(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)分為直流(liu)電(dian)機和交流(liu)電(dian)機

直流(liu)電機由(you)直流(liu)電源(yuan)驅動，交流(liu)電機由(you)交流(liu)電源(yuan)驅動。直流(liu)電機調速性能(neng)好、啟(qi)動力矩大，適用于在(zai)重負載下啟(qi)動或需要均勻調節轉速的機械(xie)。交流(liu)電機效率高、噪音低，常用于家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)有(you)無(wu)進一步分為(wei)有(you)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機與無(wu)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機，為(wei)使轉子(zi)轉動(dong)需(xu)要不斷改變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而外(wai)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)極和電(dian)(dian)刷都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)替接(jie)觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改變，從而改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優(you)勢(shi)在(zai)(zai)于啟動(dong)(dong)快(kuai)速、制動(dong)(dong)及時、調速平穩，并且(qie)啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)(zai)低速時扭矩大，因而能帶很重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷，常(chang)(chang)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中。但由于換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷之間存在(zai)(zai)摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)刷易損耗、壽(shou)命短(duan)，并且(qie)效(xiao)率較低。

無刷(shua)電機采用電氣換向(xiang)，以霍爾元件等電子換向(xiang)器替代了機械(xie)電刷(shua)裝(zhuang)置，其線圈不動(dong)(dong)而磁(ci)(ci)極旋轉。其原理是通過(guo)霍爾元件感知永磁(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)極的位置，從而適時(shi)(shi)切換線圈中電流的方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的磁(ci)(ci)力(li)來驅動(dong)(dong)電機。無刷(shua)電機的優勢在于故障率低(di)、使(shi)用壽命長、運行時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和電壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分為(wei)單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)相交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一個(ge)繞(rao)組，需(xu)借助啟(qi)動線圈(quan)或運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)(deng)以(yi)產生(sheng)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。特點是結構簡(jian)單(dan)、維修方便，多應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于小型(xing)家用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)(deng)生(sheng)活場(chang)景。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)三(san)相交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞(rao)組分為(wei)三(san)組，通(tong)入互(hu)差(cha)120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生(sheng)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效率高(gao)、功率大、可靠性和(he)精度高(gao)，多用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于水泵、機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等(deng)(deng)工(gong)業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。