寧河電機是(shi)一種將電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為機(ji)械(xie)能的裝置。大多(duo)數(shu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)導(dao)線(xian)繞組(zu)中(zhong)與磁場的相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)來產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸上形(xing)成力。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應(ying)用(yong)場景(jing)眾多(duo)，在(zai)消費市場、工業、車載(zai)等都有(you)應(ying)用(yong)。

下面(mian)我們首先(xian)(xian)通過復盤(pan)海外高端(duan)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)(chang)商的(de)發(fa)(fa)展歷程，了(le)解率先(xian)(xian)布(bu)局高壁壘/新興領域+掌(zhang)握(wo)一體化技(ji)(ji)術、掌(zhang)握(wo)先(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)優勢是維(wei)持電機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高利潤的(de)關鍵。當前電機(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)業競爭激(ji)烈，人形(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢待發(fa)(fa)，驅動電機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)(chang)商抓住技(ji)(ji)術更(geng)新迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局伺(si)服電機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出重圍，在(zai)下一階段競爭中搶占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作用(yong)從(cong)而(er)實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳(chuan)遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)(guang)義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)(te)(te)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)于我(wo)國經(jing)濟(ji)生(sheng)產各(ge)部(bu)門以及(ji)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作為驅動各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)(de)動力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設備的(de)(de)技術進(jin)步(bu)，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)部(bu)門和(he)廣(guang)(guang)大城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特(te)(te)(te)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指使(shi)用(yong)環境、生(sheng)產工藝、技術標準等比較特(te)(te)(te)殊而(er)區(qu)別于普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來(lai)看，不同類型電(dian)機(ji)結構(gou)雖(sui)然不同，但一般都(dou)是(shi)由三大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，即固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和輔助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)主要(yao)由定(ding)(ding)子(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)鐵心、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組、端蓋(gai)及(ji)底板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和支撐(cheng)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)等結構(gou)部(bu)件(jian)組合；電(dian)機(ji)的轉動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)(kuo)轉軸、轉子(zi)鐵心、轉子(zi)支架(jia)、轉子(zi)繞(rao)組、集電(dian)環、換向器和風扇等部(bu)件(jian)；輔助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)(kuo)軸承、電(dian)刷和冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有多種分(fen)類方式，按(an)照(zhao)應用領(ling)域分(fen)為(wei)動力(li)電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)；按(an)照(zhao)電源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電機(ji)和交流(liu)電機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應用領域分為動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出功率較(jiao)大，注重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)驅動(dong)、運(yun)行(xing)及制動(dong)性(xing)能(neng)，主要(yao)(yao)應用于汽車、家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小型機床等領域(yu)。控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)機側重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出量的(de)幅頻特(te)性(xing)、相(xiang)頻特(te)性(xing)及輸出特(te)性(xing)的(de)精度、靈敏度、穩定(ding)性(xing)、線性(xing)度等指標，精度高、響(xiang)應速度快，主要(yao)(yao)在(zai)自動(dong)控制系統(tong)中(zhong)承擔執行(xing)、檢測和解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運動(dong)(dong)方式(shi)進一步(bu)分為旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)直線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平而得(de)，其定子叫初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次(ci)級(ji)，其優勢在于(yu)可(ke)以(yi)直接將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為直線運動(dong)(dong)的機(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，而無需(xu)再(zai)借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)裝置。常(chang)見的直線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分為U型(xing)槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和(he)管(guan)式(shi)。其主要應用于(yu)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控制系統、短距離需(xu)要巨大(da)直線運動(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)的裝置或(huo)作為長期連續運行的驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如(ru)用于(yu)磁懸浮列車以(yi)及無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的驅動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制(zhi)方式進一步分為(wei)步進電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機是一(yi)種把電(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖信號轉換成角位移的(de)電(dian)動機，每(mei)輸入一(yi)個(ge)脈(mo)(mo)沖信號，步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機就按照設(she)(she)定的(de)方向轉動一(yi)個(ge)固定的(de)角度。其結構簡單(dan)但效率和精(jing)度較低(di)，多(duo)用于辦公自動化、通信設(she)(she)備、印刷設(she)(she)備等領域。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)相較于(yu)步進電(dian)機(ji)增(zeng)加了編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)與(yu)反饋機(ji)制，使得驅動器(qi)可(ke)以根(gen)據目標值與(yu)編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)的(de)(de)反饋信(xin)號之(zhi)間的(de)(de)差異來調整轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動的(de)(de)角(jiao)度，從而可(ke)實現更精密的(de)(de)控(kong)制，主(zhu)要(yao)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)半導(dao)體、光(guang)伏、鋰(li)電(dian)、工(gong)業自動化、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于(yu)控(kong)制精度、速度響應、過載能力及穩定性要(yao)求(qiu)高(gao)的(de)(de)領域。空(kong)心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)是一種(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子，呈空(kong)心(xin)的(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁(ci)鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為(wei)控制(zhi)方向的(de)(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制(zhi)。當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉矩(ju)增大(da)時(shi)(shi)能(neng)自(zi)動降低轉速(su)(su)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)加大(da)輸出轉矩(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉矩(ju)為(wei)一定值時(shi)(shi)改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓便可調速(su)(su)。在電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低速(su)(su)甚至堵轉（轉子無法轉動）時(shi)(shi)仍能(neng)持續運轉，不會造成電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)損壞，并提供穩定的(de)(de)力(li)(li)矩(ju)給(gei)負(fu)載(zai)，具有低轉速(su)(su)、大(da)扭矩(ju)、過載(zai)能(neng)力(li)(li)強、響應快、特性線性度好(hao)等優點。力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為(wei)有框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)無框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照(zhao)電源類型(xing)分為直流電機和交流電機

直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機由直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅動，交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機由交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅動。直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機調速性(xing)能好、啟(qi)動力矩大，適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于在重負載下啟(qi)動或需要(yao)均勻調節轉速的機械(xie)。交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機效(xiao)率高、噪音低，常用(yong)(yong)(yong)于家用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電刷(shua)的有無(wu)進一步(bu)分為有刷(shua)電機與(yu)無(wu)刷(shua)電機。對于(yu)直流(liu)電機，為使轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動需要不(bu)斷改變電流(liu)方向(xiang)。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)(yong)機(ji)械換向(xiang)，內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向(xiang)器一起(qi)旋(xuan)轉，而(er)外部(bu)的(de)(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都(dou)不(bu)動。通過(guo)換向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)(de)交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改(gai)(gai)變，從而(er)改(gai)(gai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)運動方(fang)向(xiang)。其(qi)優勢在于(yu)(yu)啟(qi)(qi)動快速、制(zhi)動及時、調速平(ping)穩，并且(qie)啟(qi)(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在低速時扭矩大(da)，因而(er)能(neng)帶很重的(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he)，常用(yong)(yong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日(ri)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動工具中。但由于(yu)(yu)換向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存(cun)在摩擦(ca)，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽(shou)命短，并且(qie)效率較低。

無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元件等電(dian)(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)替代了(le)機械電(dian)(dian)刷裝置(zhi)，其線圈(quan)不動(dong)而(er)磁極旋(xuan)轉。其原理是通過霍爾元件感知(zhi)永磁體磁極的位置(zhi)，從而(er)適時切換(huan)線圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)流的方(fang)向(xiang)，以產生正確方(fang)向(xiang)的磁力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機。無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)機的優(you)勢在于(yu)故障率低、使用(yong)壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流電機(ji)按照電源類型分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電機(ji)與三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電機(ji)采用單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流電源供電，定子(zi)僅含一個繞組(zu)，需(xu)借助(zhu)啟動線圈(quan)或運行電容器等(deng)以產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多應用于(yu)小型家用電器等(deng)生(sheng)活(huo)場景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電機(ji)采用三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流電源供電，定子(zi)繞組(zu)分為(wei)三(san)(san)組(zu)，通入(ru)互差120°的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流電就可產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電機(ji)效率高、功率大、可靠性和精度高，多用于(yu)水(shui)泵、機(ji)床(chuang)等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。