綏化電機是一(yi)種將電(dian)能轉換為機械能的裝置。大(da)多數電(dian)機通過電(dian)流在(zai)導線繞組(zu)中與磁場的相互作(zuo)用(yong)來產(chan)生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)機軸(zhou)上形(xing)成力。電(dian)機應用(yong)場景眾多，在(zai)消費市場、工業、車載等(deng)都(dou)有(you)應用(yong)。

下面我們首先(xian)通(tong)過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)(chang)商的(de)(de)發(fa)展歷程(cheng)，了解率先(xian)布局高(gao)壁壘/新興(xing)領域+掌握一(yi)(yi)體化技術、掌握先(xian)發(fa)優勢是維持(chi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高(gao)利潤的(de)(de)關鍵。當(dang)前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈(lie)，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)人(ren)蓄(xu)勢待發(fa)，驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)(chang)商抓(zhua)住技術更新迭代的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真(zhen)正實(shi)現國產替代沖出重圍，在下一(yi)(yi)階段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁(ci)相(xiang)互(hu)作用(yong)從而(er)(er)實現能(neng)量轉(zhuan)換(huan)與(yu)傳遞(di)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)系統(tong)輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類(lei)型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)我(wo)國經濟生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)各(ge)(ge)部門(men)以(yi)及(ji)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作為驅動(dong)各(ge)(ge)種機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設(she)備(bei)的(de)動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)系統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)關設(she)備(bei)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)進步，使人們能(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱能(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)、核能(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)、太陽能(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)等(deng)能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民(min)經濟各(ge)(ge)部門(men)和廣大城鄉居(ju)民(min)提供所(suo)需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)；特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是指使用(yong)環(huan)境、生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝、技(ji)術(shu)標準等(deng)比較特(te)殊而(er)(er)區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構上(shang)來看，不同(tong)類型(xing)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)結(jie)構雖然不同(tong)，但一(yi)般都是由三大部分(fen)(fen)組成，即固定(ding)(ding)部分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部分(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)輔(fu)(fu)助部分(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部分(fen)(fen)主要由定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)機(ji)(ji)座、機(ji)(ji)架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、端(duan)蓋及底板(ban)等導磁(ci)、導電(dian)和(he)(he)支撐固定(ding)(ding)等結(jie)構部件(jian)組合；電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、集電(dian)環、換向器和(he)(he)風扇等部件(jian)；輔(fu)(fu)助部分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電(dian)刷和(he)(he)冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有多種(zhong)分(fen)類方式，按(an)照應用領域(yu)分(fen)為(wei)動力電(dian)機(ji)和控制電(dian)機(ji)；按(an)照電(dian)源類型(xing)分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為(wei)動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動(dong)(dong)力(li)電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出功率(lv)較大，注重電機(ji)(ji)的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)、運行及制動(dong)(dong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，主(zhu)要(yao)應用于汽車、家電、小型機(ji)(ji)床等領域(yu)。控制電機(ji)(ji)側重電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出量的(de)幅頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)及輸(shu)出特(te)性(xing)(xing)的(de)精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響應速度(du)快，主(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)自動(dong)(dong)控制系統(tong)中承擔執行、檢測和解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)方式進一(yi)步(bu)分為(wei)旋轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和直線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可看(kan)作(zuo)由旋轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)展(zhan)平(ping)而(er)得，其(qi)定(ding)子叫初級(ji)(ji)、轉子叫次級(ji)(ji)，其(qi)優勢在于可以直接(jie)將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為(wei)直線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而(er)無需再借助中間轉換裝置。常見的(de)直線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可分為(wei)U型(xing)槽式、平(ping)板式和管式。其(qi)主要應用(yong)(yong)于自動(dong)控制系統、短(duan)距離需要巨(ju)大直線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)能(neng)的(de)裝置或(huo)作(zuo)為(wei)長期(qi)連續運(yun)行的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例如用(yong)(yong)于磁懸(xuan)浮列車(che)以及無鋼(gang)絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)進一步分(fen)為步進電(dian)機、伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步進電(dian)機(ji)是一種把(ba)電(dian)脈(mo)沖信(xin)號轉換成角(jiao)位(wei)移的電(dian)動機(ji)，每輸入一個(ge)脈(mo)沖信(xin)號，步進電(dian)機(ji)就按照設(she)定的方向轉動一個(ge)固定的角(jiao)度。其(qi)結構簡單但效率和精度較低(di)，多用(yong)于辦公自動化、通信(xin)設(she)備(bei)、印刷(shua)設(she)備(bei)等領域。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)機相較(jiao)于步進(jin)電(dian)機增加了編(bian)碼器與(yu)反(fan)饋(kui)機制(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)器可以根據目標(biao)值與(yu)編(bian)碼器的(de)(de)反(fan)饋(kui)信(xin)號之間的(de)(de)差異來(lai)調(diao)整轉子(zi)轉動(dong)的(de)(de)角度(du)，從而可實現更(geng)精密的(de)(de)控制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用于半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動(dong)化、機器人等對于控制(zhi)精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能(neng)力及穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)(de)領域。空(kong)(kong)心(xin)杯(bei)電(dian)機是(shi)一種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)機，采用無鐵(tie)芯轉子(zi)，呈空(kong)(kong)心(xin)的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁(ci)鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)控制方向的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開(kai)環控制。當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時能自(zi)動(dong)降低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)速，同時加大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)一定值時改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)低(di)(di)速甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子(zi)無(wu)(wu)法轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時仍能持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的損壞，并提供穩(wen)定的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負載，具有(you)低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)速、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能力(li)強(qiang)、響應(ying)快(kuai)、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好(hao)等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為(wei)(wei)有(you)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無(wu)(wu)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流電機和交流電機

直(zhi)流(liu)電機由直(zhi)流(liu)電源驅(qu)動(dong)，交(jiao)流(liu)電機由交(jiao)流(liu)電源驅(qu)動(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)電機調速性能好(hao)、啟動(dong)力(li)矩大，適用(yong)于(yu)在重負載下啟動(dong)或需要均勻調節轉速的機械(xie)。交(jiao)流(liu)電機效率高、噪音(yin)低，常用(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)電器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)刷的有(you)無進一步(bu)分(fen)為(wei)有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。對于直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，為(wei)使轉子轉動需(xu)要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換向(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換向(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而外部的磁(ci)極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都(dou)不(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。通(tong)過換向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方(fang)向(xiang)就(jiu)會(hui)不(bu)斷改變，從(cong)而改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)。其(qi)優勢在(zai)于(yu)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)(dong)及時(shi)、調速平(ping)穩，并(bing)且(qie)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在(zai)低速時(shi)扭矩大(da)，因(yin)而能帶很重(zhong)的負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)工(gong)具中。但由于(yu)換向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之間存在(zai)摩(mo)擦，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易損耗、壽(shou)命(ming)短，并(bing)且(qie)效率較低。

無(wu)(wu)刷電(dian)機采用電(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)等電(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代了(le)機械電(dian)刷裝置(zhi)，其線圈不動而磁(ci)極旋轉。其原理是通過(guo)霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)感知永磁(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)極的(de)位置(zhi)，從而適時(shi)切換線圈中(zhong)電(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以產(chan)生正確方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)機。無(wu)(wu)刷電(dian)機的(de)優(you)勢(shi)在于(yu)故障率低、使(shi)用壽命長、運(yun)行時(shi)間和(he)電(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)類型(xing)分(fen)為(wei)單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)單相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)，定子(zi)(zi)僅含一(yi)個(ge)繞組(zu)，需借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)容(rong)器等以產生旋轉磁場。特點(dian)是結(jie)構簡單、維修方便，多(duo)應用(yong)(yong)于小(xiao)型(xing)家(jia)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)器等生活場景。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)三相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)，定子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)分(fen)為(wei)三組(zu)，通入(ru)互差(cha)120°的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)就可產生旋轉磁場。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、功(gong)率大、可靠性(xing)和(he)精度高，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)于水泵、機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等工業領域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。