武清電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)械(xie)能的裝置。大多數電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流(liu)在(zai)導線繞組(zu)中與磁場的相互作用(yong)(yong)來產生扭矩(ju)，作用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軸上(shang)形成(cheng)力。電(dian)機(ji)應用(yong)(yong)場景眾(zhong)多，在(zai)消費市場、工(gong)業、車載等都有應用(yong)(yong)。

下面我(wo)們首先(xian)(xian)通過復盤海外(wai)高端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商的發(fa)展歷(li)程，了(le)解率(lv)先(xian)(xian)布局高壁壘/新興領域+掌(zhang)握一(yi)體化技術(shu)(shu)、掌(zhang)握先(xian)(xian)發(fa)優勢(shi)是(shi)維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企(qi)業高利(li)潤的關鍵。當(dang)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈(lie)，人形(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)人蓄(xu)勢(shi)待(dai)發(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技術(shu)(shu)更新迭代(dai)(dai)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空(kong)心杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)，真正實現(xian)國產替代(dai)(dai)沖(chong)出(chu)重圍，在下一(yi)階段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)從(cong)而(er)(er)實現(xian)能(neng)量轉換與傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統輸出(chu)(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)，各(ge)類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于我國(guo)經(jing)濟生產各(ge)部門(men)以(yi)及(ji)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作(zuo)為驅動(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)的動(dong)力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設備(bei)的技(ji)術(shu)進步，使人們能(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)、核能(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)、太陽能(neng)、生物質能(neng)等(deng)(deng)能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)民經(jing)濟各(ge)部門(men)和廣大城鄉居民提(ti)供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)環境、生產工(gong)藝(yi)、技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)準等(deng)(deng)比(bi)較特(te)殊而(er)(er)區別于普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看，不同類型電(dian)機結構(gou)雖然不同，但一般都(dou)是(shi)由三大(da)部分組成(cheng)，即(ji)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)部分、轉動(dong)部分和(he)輔(fu)助部分。固定(ding)(ding)(ding)部分主(zhu)要由定(ding)(ding)(ding)子機座、機架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子鐵心、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子繞組、端蓋及底板等導磁(ci)、導電(dian)和(he)支撐固定(ding)(ding)(ding)等結構(gou)部件組合(he)；電(dian)機的轉動(dong)部分包括轉軸、轉子鐵心、轉子支架(jia)、轉子繞組、集電(dian)環、換向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)風扇等部件；輔(fu)助部分包括軸承、電(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)多種分類方式(shi)，按照應用領域分為動力(li)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)；按照電(dian)源類型分為直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照(zhao)應用(yong)領域分為動力電機和控制電機

動(dong)力電機輸(shu)出功(gong)率較大(da)，注重(zhong)電機的驅動(dong)、運(yun)行(xing)及制動(dong)性能，主要應用于汽車、家電、小(xiao)型機床等領域。控制電機側重(zhong)電機輸(shu)出量的幅(fu)頻(pin)特性、相頻(pin)特性及輸(shu)出特性的精度(du)(du)、靈敏度(du)(du)、穩定性、線性度(du)(du)等指標，精度(du)(du)高、響(xiang)應速度(du)(du)快，主要在自動(dong)控制系統中承(cheng)擔(dan)執行(xing)、檢測和解(jie)算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運動(dong)方式進一步分為旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和直線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)展平(ping)(ping)而得，其(qi)(qi)定(ding)子叫(jiao)初級(ji)(ji)、轉(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級(ji)(ji)，其(qi)(qi)優勢在于(yu)可(ke)以直接(jie)將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為直線運動(dong)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而無需(xu)再借(jie)助中間轉(zhuan)換(huan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。常見的(de)(de)直線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為U型槽式、平(ping)(ping)板(ban)式和管(guan)式。其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要應用于(yu)自動(dong)控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)、短距離需(xu)要巨(ju)大直線運動(dong)能(neng)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)或作(zuo)為長期連續(xu)運行(xing)的(de)(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例如(ru)用于(yu)磁懸浮(fu)列車以及(ji)無鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控制方(fang)式進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)分為步(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、力矩電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

步進電(dian)機是一種把電(dian)脈沖信號(hao)轉(zhuan)換成角(jiao)位移的電(dian)動機，每(mei)輸(shu)入(ru)一個脈沖信號(hao)，步進電(dian)機就按照設(she)(she)定(ding)的方向轉(zhuan)動一個固(gu)定(ding)的角(jiao)度。其結構簡(jian)單但效(xiao)率(lv)和精度較低，多用于辦(ban)公自動化(hua)、通信設(she)(she)備、印(yin)刷(shua)設(she)(she)備等領域。 

伺服電(dian)機相較(jiao)于(yu)步進電(dian)機增加了編碼(ma)器與反(fan)饋機制(zhi)，使得驅動器可以根據目(mu)標值與編碼(ma)器的反(fan)饋信號之間的差異來調(diao)整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動的角度，從而可實現更精(jing)密(mi)的控(kong)制(zhi)，主(zhu)要(yao)適(shi)用于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動化、機器人等對于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)精(jing)度、速度響應、過載(zai)能力及穩(wen)定性(xing)要(yao)求高的領域(yu)。空(kong)心(xin)杯電(dian)機是一種特殊(shu)的伺服電(dian)機，采用無(wu)鐵芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空(kong)心(xin)的杯狀結(jie)構，內部(bu)環繞著(zhu)繞組和磁(ci)鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)為控制方向的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大(da)(da)時能(neng)(neng)自動(dong)降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大(da)(da)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定值時改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓便可調(diao)速(su)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低(di)速(su)甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時仍(reng)能(neng)(neng)持(chi)續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的損(sun)壞(huai)，并提供穩定的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載(zai)，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)(da)扭矩(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)強、響應快、特性線性度好等(deng)優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)源類型分為直流電(dian)機和交(jiao)流電(dian)機

直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)由(you)直流(liu)(liu)電源(yuan)驅動(dong)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)由(you)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電源(yuan)驅動(dong)。直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)調(diao)速性能好、啟動(dong)力矩大(da)，適用(yong)于在重(zhong)負載(zai)下(xia)啟動(dong)或需要均勻調(diao)節轉(zhuan)速的(de)機(ji)(ji)械。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用(yong)于家用(yong)電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷的有無進一步分為(wei)有刷電機與無刷電機。對于直流電機，為(wei)使轉子轉動(dong)需要不斷改變電流方向。

有刷(shua)(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向，內(nei)部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)(huan)向器(qi)一起旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)，而(er)外部(bu)的(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)都不動。通過換(huan)(huan)向器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向就會不斷改(gai)變，從(cong)而(er)改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動方向。其優(you)勢在于(yu)啟動快速、制動及時(shi)(shi)、調(diao)速平穩(wen)，并且啟動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)、在低(di)速時(shi)(shi)扭矩大(da)，因而(er)能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動工具中。但由于(yu)換(huan)(huan)向器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)之間存(cun)在摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)易損耗、壽命(ming)短，并且效率(lv)較低(di)。

無刷(shua)(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換向(xiang)(xiang)，以霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換向(xiang)(xiang)器替代(dai)了機械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)裝置，其線圈(quan)(quan)不動而磁極(ji)旋轉。其原理是通(tong)過霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件感知永磁體磁極(ji)的(de)位置，從而適時切換線圈(quan)(quan)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，以產生正確方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)磁力來驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。無刷(shua)(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)優(you)勢在于故障率低(di)、使用壽命長(chang)、運行(xing)時間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較(jiao)穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分為單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)單相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)僅(jin)含一個繞(rao)組，需借助啟動線圈或運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)以產(chan)生旋轉磁(ci)場。特點是(shi)結(jie)構(gou)簡單、維修方便(bian)，多(duo)應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)小(xiao)型(xing)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等(deng)生活(huo)場景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組分為三(san)(san)組，通入(ru)互差120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產(chan)生旋轉磁(ci)場。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高、功率大、可靠性和精度高，多(duo)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)水泵、機床等(deng)工(gong)業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。