鞍山電機是一種(zhong)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換為機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)的裝置。大多數電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)流在(zai)(zai)導線繞組中(zhong)與磁(ci)場(chang)的相(xiang)互作用來產生扭矩(ju)，作用在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸上形成(cheng)力。電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)應用場(chang)景(jing)眾(zhong)多，在(zai)(zai)消費市場(chang)、工(gong)業、車載等都有應用。

下面我們首(shou)先(xian)通(tong)過(guo)復盤海外高(gao)端電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)的發展歷程，了解率(lv)先(xian)布(bu)局(ju)高(gao)壁壘/新(xin)興領域+掌握一體(ti)化技(ji)術、掌握先(xian)發優勢(shi)是維持電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤(run)的關鍵(jian)。當前電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭激烈(lie)，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢(shi)待發，驅動電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)抓住技(ji)術更新(xin)迭代的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局(ju)伺(si)服電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出(chu)重圍，在下一階段競(jing)爭中搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)作用(yong)(yong)從(cong)而(er)實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于我國經濟(ji)生(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)部(bu)門(men)以及家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作為驅動(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設備(bei)的(de)動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)相(xiang)(xiang)關設備(bei)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)進步(bu)，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經濟(ji)各(ge)部(bu)門(men)和(he)(he)廣大城鄉居(ju)民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是指使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環境、生(sheng)產(chan)工藝(yi)、技(ji)術(shu)標準等(deng)比較特殊而(er)區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上來看，不同類型電(dian)(dian)機結(jie)構(gou)雖然不同，但一般都是(shi)由三大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)組成，即固定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)主要由定(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)機座、機架、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組、端蓋及(ji)底板等(deng)導磁(ci)、導電(dian)(dian)和(he)支(zhi)撐固定(ding)(ding)(ding)等(deng)結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)件組合；電(dian)(dian)機的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組、集電(dian)(dian)環、換向器(qi)和(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)件；輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)和(he)冷卻器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有(you)多(duo)種分(fen)類(lei)方式，按(an)照應用領域分(fen)為動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按(an)照電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分(fen)為直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照(zhao)應(ying)用(yong)領域(yu)分為動(dong)力電機和控(kong)制電機

動(dong)力電機輸出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)較大(da)，注重電機的(de)驅動(dong)、運行及制動(dong)性(xing)能，主要(yao)應(ying)用于汽車、家(jia)電、小型機床等領域。控制電機側重電機輸出(chu)量的(de)幅(fu)頻特性(xing)、相頻特性(xing)及輸出(chu)特性(xing)的(de)精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定(ding)性(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)度(du)等指標(biao)，精度(du)高(gao)、響應(ying)速度(du)快，主要(yao)在自動(dong)控制系統中承擔執行、檢測和解(jie)算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)進一(yi)步分為(wei)旋轉電機(ji)和直(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)可看作由(you)旋轉電機(ji)展平而得，其(qi)定子(zi)叫(jiao)初(chu)級(ji)、轉子(zi)叫(jiao)次級(ji)，其(qi)優勢(shi)在(zai)于(yu)可以(yi)(yi)直(zhi)接將電能轉換為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)機(ji)械能，而無(wu)需再借助中間轉換裝置。常(chang)見的(de)直(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)可分為(wei)U型(xing)槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和管(guan)式(shi)。其(qi)主要應用于(yu)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制系統(tong)、短距離需要巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)能的(de)裝置或作為(wei)長期連續運(yun)行的(de)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電機(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁懸浮列(lie)車以(yi)(yi)及無(wu)鋼絲繩電梯的(de)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方式(shi)進一步(bu)分為步(bu)進電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步進(jin)電(dian)機是一(yi)種把(ba)電(dian)脈沖信(xin)(xin)(xin)號轉換成角位移的電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機，每(mei)輸入一(yi)個脈沖信(xin)(xin)(xin)號，步進(jin)電(dian)機就(jiu)按(an)照設定的方向轉動(dong)(dong)一(yi)個固(gu)定的角度。其結構簡單(dan)但效(xiao)率和精度較(jiao)低，多用于辦公自動(dong)(dong)化、通信(xin)(xin)(xin)設備、印(yin)刷(shua)設備等領(ling)域。 ;

伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相較于步進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)增加了編(bian)碼器與反饋機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動器可以根據目(mu)標值與編(bian)碼器的(de)(de)(de)反饋信(xin)號(hao)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)來調整轉子(zi)轉動的(de)(de)(de)角度，從而可實現更精密的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用(yong)于半(ban)導(dao)體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工(gong)業自動化(hua)、機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人等對于控(kong)制(zhi)精度、速度響(xiang)應、過載能(neng)力及穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)(de)(de)領域。空心(xin)杯(bei)(bei)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉子(zi)，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)杯(bei)(bei)狀結構(gou)，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)為(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)方向的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用(yong)開環(huan)控(kong)制(zhi)。當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大時能(neng)自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大輸出(chu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)一定值時改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)低速(su)甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時仍能(neng)持(chi)續運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)損壞，并提供穩定的(de)力矩(ju)給負(fu)載，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)、過載能(neng)力強、響應快、特性線性度好(hao)等優點。力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為(wei)有框力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無(wu)框力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照電源(yuan)類型(xing)分為直(zhi)流(liu)電機和交流(liu)電機

直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由(you)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動，交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由(you)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動。直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)調(diao)速性能好、啟動力(li)矩(ju)大，適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)在(zai)重負(fu)載下(xia)啟動或需要均勻調(diao)節(jie)轉速的機(ji)械(xie)。交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪(zao)音低，常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電刷(shua)的有(you)無(wu)進一步分為有(you)刷(shua)電機(ji)與無(wu)刷(shua)電機(ji)。對于(yu)直流電機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需要不斷(duan)改變(bian)電流方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)(yong)機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，內部的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器一起(qi)旋(xuan)轉，而(er)(er)外(wai)部的(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不(bu)動(dong)。通過(guo)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替接觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)會(hui)不(bu)斷改變，從而(er)(er)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其優(you)勢在(zai)于(yu)啟動(dong)快速(su)(su)、制(zhi)動(dong)及時(shi)、調速(su)(su)平穩，并且(qie)啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)低(di)速(su)(su)時(shi)扭矩大，因(yin)而(er)(er)能帶很重的(de)負荷，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中(zhong)。但由于(yu)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在(zai)摩擦(ca)，因(yin)而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽(shou)命(ming)短，并且(qie)效率較低(di)。

無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換向(xiang)(xiang)，以霍爾(er)元件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)換向(xiang)(xiang)器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷裝置(zhi)，其(qi)線(xian)圈不(bu)動(dong)而(er)磁(ci)極旋(xuan)轉。其(qi)原(yuan)理是(shi)通過霍爾(er)元件感知(zhi)永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)，從而(er)適時切換線(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)，以產(chan)生正確方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)力(li)來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)優勢在于故(gu)障率低、使用(yong)壽命長(chang)、運行時間(jian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)照電(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)(zi)僅含(han)一個繞(rao)組(zu)，需借助啟動(dong)線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器等以產(chan)生旋轉磁場。特點(dian)是結構簡單(dan)、維修方(fang)便，多(duo)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)小型(xing)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器等生活場景。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)三相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)分為三組(zu)，通(tong)入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就可(ke)產(chan)生旋轉磁場。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效率高(gao)(gao)、功(gong)率大、可(ke)靠(kao)性和(he)精度高(gao)(gao)，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)水泵、機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。