錦州電機是一種將(jiang)電能(neng)轉換(huan)為(wei)機(ji)械能(neng)的裝(zhuang)置。大多數電機(ji)通過(guo)電流在(zai)導線繞組(zu)中與磁(ci)場(chang)的相互(hu)作用來產生(sheng)扭矩，作用在(zai)電機(ji)軸上形成力。電機(ji)應用場(chang)景眾多，在(zai)消費市場(chang)、工業、車載等都有應用。

下面我們首(shou)先通(tong)過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)機廠商的(de)(de)發展(zhan)歷程，了解率(lv)先布局高(gao)壁壘/新(xin)興領域+掌握一(yi)體化技術、掌握先發優勢(shi)是維持電(dian)機企業(ye)高(gao)利潤的(de)(de)關鍵。當前電(dian)機行(xing)業(ye)競(jing)爭激(ji)烈，人(ren)形機器人(ren)蓄勢(shi)待發，驅動(dong)電(dian)機廠商抓(zhua)住技術更新(xin)迭代的(de)(de)機遇，及時布局伺服電(dian)機、空心杯電(dian)機、無(wu)框電(dian)機等，真正實現國產替代沖出重圍，在下一(yi)階段競(jing)爭中搶占先機。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)從(cong)(cong)而實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳(chuan)遞(di)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義(yi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)特種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)統輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于我國(guo)經濟生(sheng)產各(ge)部門以及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作(zuo)為驅動(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備的動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)統吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)相(xiang)(xiang)關設(she)備的技術(shu)進(jin)步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)民經濟各(ge)部門和(he)(he)廣大城鄉居民提(ti)供所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指使用(yong)環境、生(sheng)產工藝(yi)、技術(shu)標準等(deng)比較特殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結構(gou)上(shang)來看，不同類型電(dian)機(ji)結構(gou)雖然不同，但一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，即固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)(he)(he)輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由定(ding)(ding)子(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋及底板等(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)撐固(gu)定(ding)(ding)等(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)機(ji)的轉動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括轉軸、轉子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉子(zi)支(zhi)架(jia)、轉子(zi)繞組(zu)、集電(dian)環、換(huan)向器和(he)(he)(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括軸承(cheng)、電(dian)刷(shua)和(he)(he)(he)冷卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有多種(zhong)分類方(fang)式，按(an)照應用領域分為(wei)動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按(an)照電(dian)(dian)源類型分為(wei)直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應(ying)用領(ling)域分為動力電(dian)機(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)機(ji)

動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出功(gong)率較大(da)，注重電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的驅動(dong)(dong)、運(yun)行及制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，主要應(ying)用于汽車、家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小型機床等領域。控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機側重電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出量的幅頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)及輸出特(te)性(xing)(xing)的精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響應(ying)速度(du)快，主要在自動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系(xi)統中承擔執行、檢測(ce)和解算功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式進一步(bu)分為(wei)(wei)旋(xuan)轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)由旋(xuan)轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)展(zhan)平而(er)得(de)，其定(ding)子叫(jiao)初級(ji)(ji)、轉子叫(jiao)次級(ji)(ji)，其優(you)勢在于可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線運動(dong)(dong)(dong)的機(ji)(ji)械能，而(er)無需(xu)再借(jie)助(zhu)中間(jian)轉換裝置。常見的直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)U型槽式、平板式和管式。其主(zhu)要應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于自動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系統、短(duan)距離需(xu)要巨(ju)大直(zhi)(zhi)線運動(dong)(dong)(dong)能的裝置或作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)長期連續運行的驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例(li)如用(yong)(yong)于磁懸浮列車以(yi)及無鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式(shi)進一步分(fen)為步進電(dian)機(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)、力矩電(dian)機(ji)。

步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一種(zhong)把電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)信號轉換成(cheng)角(jiao)位移的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，每輸入(ru)一個脈(mo)沖(chong)信號，步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)就按照設(she)定(ding)的(de)方向(xiang)轉動(dong)(dong)一個固(gu)定(ding)的(de)角(jiao)度。其結構簡單(dan)但(dan)效率和(he)精度較低，多用于辦公自動(dong)(dong)化、通信設(she)備(bei)、印刷設(she)備(bei)等領(ling)域。 

伺服(fu)電機相(xiang)較于(yu)步進電機增加了(le)編碼(ma)器與(yu)反(fan)饋機制(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)器可以根據目標值與(yu)編碼(ma)器的(de)(de)反(fan)饋信號之(zhi)間的(de)(de)差異來調(diao)整轉子轉動(dong)的(de)(de)角度，從(cong)而可實現更精密的(de)(de)控制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用于(yu)半導體(ti)、光伏、鋰電、工業自動(dong)化、機器人(ren)等對于(yu)控制(zhi)精度、速度響應、過載能力(li)及(ji)穩定(ding)性(xing)要(yao)求高的(de)(de)領域(yu)。空(kong)心杯(bei)電機是(shi)一種特殊的(de)(de)伺服(fu)電機，采用無鐵芯轉子，呈空(kong)心的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著(zhu)繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為控制方向(xiang)的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開(kai)環控制。當負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大時能(neng)(neng)(neng)自(zi)動降(jiang)低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)時改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)低(di)速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)動）時仍能(neng)(neng)(neng)持(chi)續運(yun)轉(zhuan)，不(bu)會(hui)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的損壞(huai)，并提供穩定(ding)(ding)的力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)給(gei)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)強、響應快、特性線(xian)性度(du)好等優點。力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)為有框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分為直流電(dian)(dian)機和交流電(dian)(dian)機

直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由(you)(you)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由(you)(you)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動。直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調(diao)速性能好、啟動力矩(ju)大(da)，適(shi)用(yong)于在重負載下(xia)啟動或需(xu)要均勻(yun)調(diao)節轉速的機(ji)械(xie)。交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高(gao)、噪(zao)音低(di)，常用(yong)于家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)刷的有(you)無(wu)進一(yi)步(bu)分為有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。對于直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，為使(shi)轉子轉動需要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)流方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，內(nei)部的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)一(yi)起旋轉，而外部的(de)磁極(ji)和電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)。通(tong)過換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替(ti)接(jie)觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行時電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)就(jiu)會不斷(duan)改(gai)變，從而改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運(yun)動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于(yu)啟動(dong)快速、制動(dong)及時、調速平(ping)穩，并且(qie)啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)低(di)速時扭矩大，因而能帶很重的(de)負荷(he)，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由(you)于(yu)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在(zai)摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗(hao)、壽命短，并且(qie)效(xiao)率較低(di)。

無刷電(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)氣換(huan)向，以霍爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)等(deng)電(dian)子換(huan)向器替代(dai)了機(ji)械電(dian)刷裝置，其(qi)線(xian)圈(quan)不動而磁極旋轉。其(qi)原理是通過霍爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)感知永磁體磁極的位置，從而適時(shi)切(qie)換(huan)線(xian)圈(quan)中電(dian)流的方(fang)向，以產生正確方(fang)向的磁力來驅動電(dian)機(ji)。無刷電(dian)機(ji)的優勢在于故障(zhang)率低、使(shi)用壽命長、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分為(wei)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一個繞組，需借(jie)助啟動(dong)線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等以產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。特點(dian)是結(jie)構簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)、維修方便，多應(ying)用于小型家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等生(sheng)活場(chang)景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組分為(wei)三(san)組，通(tong)入互差(cha)120°的交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高(gao)、功率大、可靠性和精度高(gao)，多用于水(shui)泵(beng)、機(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。