沈陽電機是一(yi)種將(jiang)電能(neng)轉(zhuan)換為機械能(neng)的裝置。大多數電機通過電流在(zai)導(dao)線繞組中與磁場的相互作用來(lai)產生(sheng)扭矩，作用在(zai)電機軸上形成力(li)。電機應用場景眾(zhong)多，在(zai)消費市場、工業、車載等都(dou)有(you)應用。

下(xia)(xia)面我們首先(xian)(xian)(xian)通過復盤海外高端電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)的發(fa)展歷(li)程(cheng)，了解率先(xian)(xian)(xian)布局高壁壘/新興領域+掌握一(yi)體化技術、掌握先(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高利(li)潤的關鍵。當(dang)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競爭(zheng)激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢待發(fa)，驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)抓住(zhu)技術更新迭代(dai)的機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心(xin)杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真(zhen)正(zheng)實現國產替代(dai)沖出重圍(wei)，在(zai)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)階段(duan)競爭(zheng)中(zhong)搶占(zhan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相互(hu)作用(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換與傳遞的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣義的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)類型的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)我(wo)國經(jing)濟(ji)生產(chan)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)部(bu)門以及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要(yao)作為驅動各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)動力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關(guan)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)技術進步，使人們(men)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)部(bu)門和(he)廣大城鄉居民提供(gong)所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)是指使用(yong)環境、生產(chan)工藝、技術標(biao)準等比較特殊(shu)而區(qu)別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)(jie)構(gou)上來看，不同類型電(dian)(dian)機結(jie)(jie)構(gou)雖然不同，但(dan)一般都(dou)是(shi)由三大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)，即固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)輔(fu)助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由定(ding)子(zi)(zi)機座(zuo)、機架、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)、端(duan)蓋及(ji)底(di)板等(deng)(deng)導磁(ci)、導電(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)支撐(cheng)固(gu)定(ding)等(deng)(deng)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)部(bu)件(jian)組(zu)(zu)(zu)合；電(dian)(dian)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)(kuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)、集電(dian)(dian)環、換(huan)向器和(he)(he)風扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)(kuo)軸(zhou)承、電(dian)(dian)刷和(he)(he)冷(leng)卻(que)器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)有多種分類(lei)(lei)方式，按照(zhao)應用領(ling)域分為(wei)(wei)動(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)；按照(zhao)電(dian)源類(lei)(lei)型分為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應(ying)用領域(yu)分為動(dong)力(li)電機和控制電機

動力電機(ji)輸出(chu)功率較大，注重電機(ji)的(de)驅動、運行(xing)及(ji)制(zhi)動性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，主(zhu)要應用于汽車(che)、家電、小(xiao)型機(ji)床等領(ling)域(yu)。控制(zhi)電機(ji)側(ce)重電機(ji)輸出(chu)量(liang)的(de)幅頻特性(xing)(xing)(xing)、相頻特性(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)輸出(chu)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)精度(du)(du)(du)、靈敏度(du)(du)(du)、穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)(xing)度(du)(du)(du)等指標(biao)，精度(du)(du)(du)高(gao)、響(xiang)應速度(du)(du)(du)快，主(zhu)要在自動控制(zhi)系統(tong)中承(cheng)擔執行(xing)、檢測和(he)解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照(zhao)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式進一步分為旋轉電(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作由(you)旋轉電(dian)機(ji)展平(ping)而(er)得，其(qi)(qi)(qi)定子(zi)叫初級、轉子(zi)叫次(ci)級，其(qi)(qi)(qi)優勢在(zai)于可(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)能轉換(huan)為直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械能，而(er)無需再借助中間轉換(huan)裝置(zhi)。常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分為U型槽(cao)式、平(ping)板式和管式。其(qi)(qi)(qi)主要應用于自動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制系(xi)統、短(duan)距(ju)離需要巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)能的(de)(de)(de)裝置(zhi)或作為長期連續運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)，例(li)如用于磁懸(xuan)浮列車以及(ji)無鋼(gang)絲(si)繩(sheng)電(dian)梯的(de)(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進(jin)一步分(fen)為步進(jin)電機、伺(si)服電機、力矩電機。

步進(jin)電(dian)機是一種(zhong)把(ba)電(dian)脈沖信號轉(zhuan)換成角(jiao)位移的(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)機，每輸入一個(ge)脈沖信號，步進(jin)電(dian)機就按照設(she)定(ding)的(de)(de)方向轉(zhuan)動(dong)一個(ge)固定(ding)的(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)。其(qi)結構簡(jian)單(dan)但(dan)效率和精度(du)較低，多用于(yu)辦公自(zi)動(dong)化、通信設(she)備、印(yin)刷設(she)備等(deng)領域。 

伺服電機(ji)相較于步進(jin)電機(ji)增(zeng)加(jia)了編碼器(qi)與反(fan)(fan)饋(kui)機(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)器(qi)可以根據目標值與編碼器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)饋(kui)信號(hao)之間的(de)(de)(de)差異來調(diao)整轉子(zi)轉動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)角度，從而可實現更精密的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用(yong)(yong)于半導體、光伏、鋰(li)電、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制(zhi)精度、速(su)度響應、過載(zai)能(neng)力及(ji)穩定(ding)性(xing)要(yao)求高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)域。空心(xin)杯電機(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)伺服電機(ji)，采用(yong)(yong)無(wu)鐵(tie)芯轉子(zi)，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)杯狀結構(gou)，內部環(huan)繞著繞組和磁鐵(tie)。

力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為控制方向的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大(da)時(shi)能(neng)(neng)自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)，同時(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為一(yi)定(ding)值時(shi)改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)(su)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速(su)(su)甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍(reng)能(neng)(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)會(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞，并提供穩定(ding)的(de)力矩(ju)給(gei)負(fu)載(zai)，具(ju)有(you)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)、大(da)扭矩(ju)、過載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力強、響應快、特性線性度好等(deng)優點。力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有(you)框(kuang)力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)無框(kuang)力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型(xing)分為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機由(you)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)，交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機由(you)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機調速(su)性能好、啟動(dong)力矩(ju)大，適用(yong)于在重(zhong)負載下啟動(dong)或需要均勻調節轉速(su)的機械。交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高、噪音(yin)低，常用(yong)于家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的有無進一步分為有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。對于(yu)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，為使轉子轉動需要不(bu)斷(duan)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)向(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)一(yi)起旋轉，而外部的磁極(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動。通過(guo)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)(dian)機運行(xing)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方(fang)向(xiang)就會不斷(duan)改(gai)變，從(cong)而改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)機的運動方(fang)向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于啟動快速、制動及時(shi)、調速平穩，并且(qie)啟動電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低(di)速時(shi)扭矩大，因而能帶很重的負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)動工具中。但(dan)由于換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在(zai)摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并且(qie)效率較低(di)。

無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以霍爾(er)(er)元(yuan)件等電(dian)(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代了機(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)刷裝(zhuang)置，其線(xian)圈不動(dong)而(er)磁極旋轉。其原理是通過霍爾(er)(er)元(yuan)件感知永(yong)磁體磁極的(de)(de)位(wei)置，從而(er)適時切換線(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的(de)(de)磁力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)優勢在(zai)于故(gu)障率低(di)、使用壽命長、運行時間和(he)電(dian)(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分為單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機與(yu)三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機采用單(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)(zi)僅含一(yi)個繞組，需借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)以產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉磁場。特(te)點是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多(duo)應用于小型家用電(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生(sheng)活場景。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機采用三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)(zi)繞組分為三(san)組，通入互差120°的交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉磁場。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機效率高、功率大、可靠(kao)性(xing)和精度高，多(duo)用于水泵、機床等(deng)工(gong)業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。