阜新電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機械能的裝置。大多(duo)數電(dian)機通過電(dian)流在導線繞組中(zhong)與(yu)磁場的相互(hu)作用(yong)來產生扭(niu)矩，作用(yong)在電(dian)機軸上形成力(li)。電(dian)機應(ying)用(yong)場景眾多(duo)，在消費市場、工業、車載等都有(you)應(ying)用(yong)。

下面我們首先(xian)(xian)通過(guo)復(fu)盤海外高(gao)(gao)(gao)端(duan)電(dian)機(ji)廠商的發(fa)展歷程(cheng)，了解率先(xian)(xian)布(bu)局(ju)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壁(bi)壘/新興領域+掌握(wo)一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)技術、掌握(wo)先(xian)(xian)發(fa)優(you)勢是維持電(dian)機(ji)企業高(gao)(gao)(gao)利(li)潤的關鍵。當前電(dian)機(ji)行業競爭(zheng)激烈(lie)，人形機(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢待(dai)發(fa)，驅動電(dian)機(ji)廠商抓住技術更新迭代的機(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局(ju)伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)、空心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)機(ji)等，真正實(shi)現國產替代沖出重圍(wei)，在下一(yi)(yi)階段(duan)競爭(zheng)中(zhong)搶(qiang)占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一種利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相互(hu)作用(yong)(yong)從(cong)而實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)與傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)我國(guo)經濟生(sheng)產各(ge)部門以(yi)及(ji)家(jia)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為驅(qu)動各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)(de)動力(li)；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設備的(de)(de)技(ji)術進步(bu)，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)民經濟各(ge)部門和廣大城鄉(xiang)居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)(shi)指使用(yong)(yong)環(huan)境(jing)、生(sheng)產工藝、技(ji)術標(biao)準(zhun)等比較特殊而區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上來(lai)看(kan)，不同類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)機結(jie)構(gou)雖(sui)然不同，但一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)(zu)成，即固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由定(ding)子(zi)機座(zuo)、機架(jia)、定(ding)子(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心、定(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)、端蓋及底板等導(dao)(dao)磁、導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)和(he)支撐固(gu)定(ding)等結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件組(zu)(zu)合；電(dian)(dian)機的轉動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括轉軸、轉子(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心、轉子(zi)支架(jia)、轉子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)、集電(dian)(dian)環、換向器和(he)風扇等部(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括軸承、電(dian)(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機有多種分類(lei)方式，按照應用領域分為動力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機；按照電(dian)源類(lei)型分為直流電(dian)機和交(jiao)流電(dian)機。

（1）按(an)照應(ying)用領(ling)域分為動(dong)力電機和控(kong)制(zhi)電機

動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出功(gong)率較大，注重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)驅動(dong)、運行及制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)性能，主(zhu)要應用于(yu)汽車、家電(dian)(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)床等(deng)領域。控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)側(ce)重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出量的(de)幅頻特(te)性、相(xiang)頻特(te)性及輸出特(te)性的(de)精度(du)(du)(du)、靈(ling)敏度(du)(du)(du)、穩定性、線性度(du)(du)(du)等(deng)指標(biao)，精度(du)(du)(du)高、響應速度(du)(du)(du)快(kuai)，主(zhu)要在(zai)自動(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統中(zhong)承擔(dan)執行、檢(jian)測和解算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動方(fang)式(shi)進一步分為旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)展平(ping)(ping)而(er)得，其定(ding)子(zi)叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)子(zi)叫(jiao)次級，其優(you)勢(shi)在(zai)于(yu)可(ke)以直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動的機(ji)械能(neng)，而(er)無需(xu)再借助中間(jian)轉(zhuan)換(huan)裝(zhuang)置。常(chang)見的直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分為U型槽(cao)式(shi)、平(ping)(ping)板式(shi)和(he)管式(shi)。其主要應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)自動控制系統、短距離需(xu)要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動能(neng)的裝(zhuang)置或作為長期連續運(yun)行的驅動電(dian)機(ji)，例(li)如用(yong)(yong)于(yu)磁懸浮(fu)列車以及無鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的驅動。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式(shi)進一步分為步進電機、伺服電機、力矩電機。

步進電機是一種把(ba)電脈沖信號轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成角位(wei)移的電動機，每輸入一個脈沖信號，步進電機就按照(zhao)設定(ding)的方(fang)向轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動一個固定(ding)的角度。其結構簡單但效率和精度較低，多用于辦公自動化、通(tong)信設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)相(xiang)較于(yu)步進電(dian)機(ji)增加了編(bian)碼(ma)器與(yu)反(fan)饋(kui)(kui)機(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)器可以根據目標值(zhi)與(yu)編(bian)碼(ma)器的(de)(de)反(fan)饋(kui)(kui)信(xin)號之間的(de)(de)差異來調整轉子(zi)轉動(dong)的(de)(de)角度(du)，從(cong)而可實(shi)現更(geng)精(jing)密(mi)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)，主(zhu)要適用于(yu)半(ban)導(dao)體、光伏(fu)、鋰電(dian)、工業自(zi)動(dong)化、機(ji)器人等(deng)對于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)精(jing)度(du)、速(su)度(du)響應、過載能力及穩定性要求高的(de)(de)領域。空心杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)種特殊的(de)(de)伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)，采用無鐵芯轉子(zi)，呈(cheng)空心的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構(gou)，內部環繞著(zhu)繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為(wei)(wei)控制方向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)增大(da)時能(neng)(neng)自動降低(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)值時改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可(ke)調(diao)速(su)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)低(di)(di)(di)速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法(fa)轉(zhuan)動）時仍能(neng)(neng)持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提供(gong)穩定(ding)(ding)的力(li)(li)矩(ju)給負載，具(ju)有低(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭矩(ju)、過(guo)載能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)強(qiang)、響應快、特性線性度好等優點。力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分為(wei)(wei)有框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)機和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)機

直流(liu)電機(ji)由直流(liu)電源驅(qu)動，交流(liu)電機(ji)由交流(liu)電源驅(qu)動。直流(liu)電機(ji)調速(su)性(xing)能好(hao)、啟動力(li)矩大，適用(yong)于在重(zhong)負(fu)載(zai)下啟動或需要均勻(yun)調節轉速(su)的機(ji)械(xie)。交流(liu)電機(ji)效率高、噪(zao)音低，常用(yong)于家用(yong)電器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷(shua)的有無(wu)進一步(bu)分為(wei)有刷(shua)電機(ji)與無(wu)刷(shua)電機(ji)。對(dui)于(yu)直(zhi)流電機(ji)，為(wei)使轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動需要不斷改變(bian)電流方(fang)向。

有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)機械換向，內部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向器(qi)一起旋轉，而外部(bu)的(de)磁極(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動。通過換向器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機運行時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向就會不斷改變，從而改變電(dian)(dian)機的(de)運動方向。其優勢在于(yu)啟動快速(su)(su)、制動及(ji)時(shi)(shi)、調(diao)速(su)(su)平穩，并且啟動電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在低速(su)(su)時(shi)(shi)扭矩大，因而能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)動工(gong)具(ju)中。但由于(yu)換向器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間(jian)存在摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗(hao)、壽命短(duan)，并且效率較低。

無(wu)刷電(dian)機采用電(dian)氣換向，以(yi)霍(huo)(huo)爾(er)元件等電(dian)子換向器替代了機械電(dian)刷裝置(zhi)，其線圈不動而磁(ci)極旋轉。其原理是通過霍(huo)(huo)爾(er)元件感(gan)知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)，從而適(shi)時切換線圈中(zhong)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)方向，以(yi)產生(sheng)正確方向的(de)(de)磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)機。無(wu)刷電(dian)機的(de)(de)優勢(shi)在于故障率低、使用壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)源(yuan)類型分為單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)與三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)(zi)僅含一(yi)個繞組，需(xu)借助啟(qi)動線(xian)圈或運行(xing)電(dian)容器等(deng)以產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。特點(dian)是結(jie)構簡單(dan)、維修方便(bian)，多應用(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)電(dian)器等(deng)生(sheng)活(huo)場景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組分為三(san)(san)組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)就可產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)效率高、功率大、可靠性和(he)精度(du)高，多用(yong)于(yu)水(shui)泵、機(ji)床等(deng)工(gong)業領域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。