營口電機是(shi)一種將電能轉換為機(ji)械能的(de)裝置。大多(duo)數電機(ji)通過(guo)電流在(zai)導線(xian)繞組中與(yu)磁場(chang)的(de)相互作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)來產生扭矩，作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電機(ji)軸上形成(cheng)力。電機(ji)應用(yong)(yong)場(chang)景眾(zhong)多(duo)，在(zai)消(xiao)費市場(chang)、工業、車載(zai)等都有(you)應用(yong)(yong)。

下面我們首先通(tong)過復盤海(hai)外高端(duan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)的發(fa)(fa)展歷程，了解率(lv)先布局(ju)高壁(bi)壘/新(xin)興領域(yu)+掌(zhang)(zhang)握一體化技術、掌(zhang)(zhang)握先發(fa)(fa)優(you)勢是維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高利潤(run)的關鍵(jian)。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競爭(zheng)激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待(dai)發(fa)(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)抓住技術更新(xin)迭代的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局(ju)伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、空(kong)心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真(zhen)正實(shi)現國產(chan)替代沖(chong)出重圍，在下一階段競爭(zheng)中搶占先機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)互作用(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)與傳遞的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于我國經濟生(sheng)產各部門(men)以及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為驅動(dong)(dong)各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)；發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統(tong)吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)關設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)技術進步，使(shi)人們(men)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)，向國民經濟各部門(men)和廣(guang)大城鄉居民提(ti)供所需電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是指使(shi)用(yong)環境(jing)、生(sheng)產工(gong)藝、技術標準等(deng)比較(jiao)特殊而區別于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構上來看，不同(tong)類型(xing)電(dian)機結構雖然不同(tong)，但(dan)一般都是由(you)三大(da)部(bu)分組(zu)成，即固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分、轉動部(bu)分和(he)(he)輔助部(bu)分。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分主要由(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)機座、機架、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋及底板等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和(he)(he)支撐固定(ding)(ding)等(deng)(deng)結構部(bu)件組(zu)合(he)；電(dian)機的轉動部(bu)分包括(kuo)轉軸(zhou)、轉子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉子(zi)(zi)支架、轉子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、集電(dian)環(huan)、換(huan)向器和(he)(he)風扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)件；輔助部(bu)分包括(kuo)軸(zhou)承、電(dian)刷和(he)(he)冷卻器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有多種分類方式(shi)，按照(zhao)應用領域分為(wei)動力(li)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)機(ji)；按照(zhao)電(dian)源類型分為(wei)直流電(dian)機(ji)和(he)交流電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力電機和控制電機

動(dong)力電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出功率較大，注重電機(ji)(ji)的驅動(dong)、運行及(ji)制動(dong)性能，主要(yao)應用于汽車、家(jia)電、小型機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等(deng)領域(yu)。控制電機(ji)(ji)側重電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出量的幅頻特(te)性、相頻特(te)性及(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出特(te)性的精(jing)(jing)度、靈(ling)敏度、穩(wen)定性、線(xian)性度等(deng)指標，精(jing)(jing)度高、響應速度快，主要(yao)在自動(dong)控制系(xi)統中承擔執(zhi)行、檢測和解(jie)算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)方式進一步分為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機和直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機可(ke)(ke)看作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機展(zhan)平而得(de)，其定子(zi)叫初(chu)級、轉(zhuan)子(zi)叫次級，其優勢在于可(ke)(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)線運(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)機械能，而無需再借助中(zhong)間(jian)轉(zhuan)換(huan)裝置。常見(jian)的(de)(de)直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式、平板式和管式。其主要應(ying)用于自動(dong)控制系統、短距離需要巨大直(zhi)線運(yun)動(dong)能的(de)(de)裝置或(huo)作(zuo)為(wei)長(chang)期連續運(yun)行的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，例如用于磁懸浮列車以及(ji)無鋼絲繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控制方式進(jin)一步分(fen)為步進(jin)電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力(li)矩(ju)電機(ji)。

步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)把電(dian)(dian)脈沖信號(hao)轉換成角位移的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，每輸(shu)入一個(ge)脈沖信號(hao)，步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)就(jiu)按照(zhao)設定(ding)(ding)的(de)方向轉動(dong)一個(ge)固定(ding)(ding)的(de)角度。其結構(gou)簡(jian)單但效率和精(jing)度較低，多用于(yu)辦公自動(dong)化、通(tong)信設備、印刷(shua)設備等領域。 

伺(si)服電(dian)機相(xiang)較于(yu)步進電(dian)機增(zeng)加了編碼(ma)器(qi)與(yu)反(fan)饋機制，使得驅動(dong)器(qi)可以根據(ju)目標值與(yu)編碼(ma)器(qi)的(de)反(fan)饋信號(hao)之間的(de)差異來調整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)角度(du)，從而可實(shi)現更(geng)精密的(de)控(kong)制，主(zhu)要適(shi)用于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工(gong)業自動(dong)化、機器(qi)人等對于(yu)控(kong)制精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能力及穩定(ding)性要求(qiu)高的(de)領域(yu)。空心(xin)杯電(dian)機是一種特殊的(de)伺(si)服電(dian)機，采用無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空心(xin)的(de)杯狀(zhuang)結(jie)構，內部(bu)環繞著繞組和磁(ci)鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭矩為控制方(fang)向(xiang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用開環控制。當(dang)負(fu)載轉矩增大(da)時(shi)(shi)(shi)能自動降低轉速，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)加大(da)輸(shu)出轉矩，當(dang)負(fu)載轉矩為一定值(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便(bian)可調速。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)低速甚至堵轉（轉子無法轉動）時(shi)(shi)(shi)仍(reng)能持(chi)續運轉，不會造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的損(sun)壞，并提供穩定的力(li)矩給負(fu)載，具(ju)有低轉速、大(da)扭矩、過載能力(li)強、響應快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優點(dian)。力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)為有框(kuang)力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)無框(kuang)力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型(xing)分為直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)

直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機由直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機由交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機調(diao)速性能好(hao)、啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)力矩大(da)，適用于(yu)在重負載下(xia)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)或(huo)需要(yao)均勻調(diao)節轉速的機械。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機效率(lv)高、噪音低，常(chang)用于(yu)家(jia)用電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷(shua)的有無進一步分為有刷(shua)電(dian)機與無刷(shua)電(dian)機。對于直(zhi)流電(dian)機，為使轉子轉動需要不斷改變電(dian)流方向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)機械(xie)換向(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向(xiang)(xiang)器一(yi)起旋轉，而(er)外(wai)部(bu)的(de)(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都不動(dong)。通過換向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)交(jiao)替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)就會(hui)不斷改變(bian)，從而(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)運動(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)(zai)于啟(qi)動(dong)快(kuai)速(su)、制動(dong)及時(shi)、調速(su)平(ping)穩，并且(qie)啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)(zai)低(di)速(su)時(shi)扭(niu)矩(ju)大，因(yin)而(er)能帶很(hen)重的(de)(de)負荷，常用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由(you)于換向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之間存在(zai)(zai)摩(mo)擦，因(yin)而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易損耗、壽命(ming)短(duan)，并且(qie)效率較低(di)。

無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換向，以霍(huo)爾(er)元件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換向器替代了(le)機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷裝置，其線圈不動而磁極(ji)(ji)旋轉。其原理(li)是通過霍(huo)爾(er)元件感知(zhi)永磁體(ti)磁極(ji)(ji)的(de)位置，從而適(shi)時切(qie)換線圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向，以產生正確方向的(de)磁力來(lai)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)優勢在于故障率低、使用壽命(ming)長(chang)、運行時間(jian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分為單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含(han)一(yi)個繞組(zu)，需(xu)借助(zhu)啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等以產生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場。特點是(shi)結構簡單(dan)、維(wei)修方便(bian)，多應(ying)用(yong)于小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器等生活場景。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)三相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組(zu)分為三組(zu)，通入互差(cha)120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、功(gong)率大、可靠性(xing)和精度高，多用(yong)于水泵(beng)、機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等工業領(ling)域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。