遼陽電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)械能的(de)裝置。大(da)多數電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流在導線(xian)繞組(zu)中(zhong)與磁(ci)場的(de)相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)來產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在電(dian)機(ji)軸上(shang)形成(cheng)力。電(dian)機(ji)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)場景眾多，在消費市場、工業、車(che)載(zai)等都(dou)有應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

下面(mian)我們首(shou)先(xian)(xian)(xian)通過(guo)復盤(pan)海外高端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商的發(fa)展歷(li)程，了(le)解率(lv)先(xian)(xian)(xian)布局(ju)高壁壘/新(xin)興(xing)領域+掌(zhang)握一體(ti)化(hua)技術、掌(zhang)握先(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)優勢(shi)(shi)是維(wei)持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)企業高利潤的關鍵。當(dang)前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)行(xing)業競爭(zheng)激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢(shi)(shi)待(dai)發(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商抓住技術更新(xin)迭代(dai)的機(ji)遇，及時(shi)布局(ju)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、空(kong)心(xin)杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)等，真正實現國產替(ti)代(dai)沖出重圍，在下一階段競爭(zheng)中(zhong)搶占(zhan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相(xiang)互作用(yong)(yong)從而實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換與(yu)傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類(lei)型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)我國經濟生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)(ge)部門以及家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，主要(yao)作為驅動(dong)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)關設備的技(ji)術進(jin)步(bu)，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經濟各(ge)(ge)部門和廣大城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環境、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工藝、技(ji)術標準等比較特(te)殊(shu)而區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)構上來看，不(bu)同類型(xing)電機結(jie)構雖然不(bu)同，但(dan)一般都(dou)是(shi)由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)，即固定部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)(he)輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由定子(zi)機座、機架(jia)、定子(zi)鐵心、定子(zi)繞(rao)組、端蓋及底(di)板(ban)等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電和(he)(he)支撐固定等(deng)(deng)結(jie)構部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組合；電機的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組、集電環、換(huan)向器和(he)(he)風扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電刷和(he)(he)冷(leng)卻器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有多種分(fen)(fen)類方式，按照應用領域(yu)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)動力電(dian)機(ji)和控制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)；按照電(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應(ying)用(yong)領域分為動力電機和控制電機

動力(li)電(dian)(dian)機輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機的驅動、運行及制(zhi)動性(xing)能(neng)，主要應(ying)(ying)用(yong)于汽(qi)車、家(jia)電(dian)(dian)、小型(xing)機床等(deng)(deng)領域。控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機側重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)量的幅頻特性(xing)、相頻特性(xing)及輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)特性(xing)的精(jing)度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩(wen)定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)等(deng)(deng)指標(biao)，精(jing)度(du)高、響應(ying)(ying)速度(du)快，主要在自動控(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)中(zhong)承擔執行、檢測(ce)和解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)(dong)方式(shi)進一步(bu)分(fen)為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平(ping)而得(de)，其定子(zi)叫(jiao)初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)叫(jiao)次級(ji)，其優勢在于可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運動(dong)(dong)的機(ji)械能(neng)，而無需(xu)再借助中間轉(zhuan)換(huan)裝置。常見的直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平(ping)板式(shi)和管式(shi)。其主(zhu)要應用于自動(dong)(dong)控制系統、短距離需(xu)要巨大直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運動(dong)(dong)能(neng)的裝置或作(zuo)為(wei)長期(qi)連續運行的驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用于磁懸浮列車以(yi)及(ji)無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯的驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進一(yi)步分為步進電(dian)機、伺(si)服電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步進電(dian)機(ji)是一種把電(dian)脈(mo)沖信號轉(zhuan)換(huan)成角位移的(de)電(dian)動機(ji)，每輸入一個脈(mo)沖信號，步進電(dian)機(ji)就按照(zhao)設(she)定(ding)的(de)方向轉(zhuan)動一個固定(ding)的(de)角度。其結構簡單(dan)但效率和(he)精度較(jiao)低，多(duo)用于辦公自動化、通信設(she)備(bei)(bei)、印刷(shua)設(she)備(bei)(bei)等領域。 

伺服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)相(xiang)較于步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)增加了(le)編碼器與(yu)反饋(kui)機(ji)制(zhi)，使得(de)驅動(dong)器可以根據目(mu)標值與(yu)編碼器的(de)反饋(kui)信號之間的(de)差異來調(diao)整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)角度，從(cong)而可實(shi)現更精密的(de)控制(zhi)，主要適用(yong)(yong)于半導體、光伏(fu)、鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器人等對于控制(zhi)精度、速度響(xiang)應、過載能力及穩定性要求高(gao)的(de)領域(yu)。空心(xin)杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一(yi)種特殊的(de)伺服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)無鐵芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空心(xin)的(de)杯(bei)狀結(jie)構，內部(bu)環(huan)繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以(yi)扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為控制方向的(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大時能(neng)自動(dong)(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大輸出(chu)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定值時改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓便可(ke)調速(su)。在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子(zi)無法轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)，不會(hui)造成電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞，并提供穩定的(de)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給(gei)負載，具(ju)有低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能(neng)力(li)強、響應(ying)快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照(zhao)電源(yuan)類型分為(wei)直流(liu)電機和交流(liu)電機

直流(liu)(liu)電機由直流(liu)(liu)電源驅動(dong)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電機由交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電源驅動(dong)。直流(liu)(liu)電機調速性(xing)能好、啟(qi)動(dong)力(li)矩大，適(shi)用(yong)于在重(zhong)負載下啟(qi)動(dong)或(huo)需要均勻調節轉(zhuan)速的機械。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電機效率(lv)高(gao)、噪音低，常用(yong)于家(jia)用(yong)電器中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電(dian)(dian)刷的有(you)無(wu)進一步分(fen)為有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。對于直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，為使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)流方向(xiang)。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)向，內部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向器(qi)(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)(er)外部(bu)的(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都(dou)不動。通(tong)過換(huan)向器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)交替接觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向就會不斷改變(bian)，從而(er)(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)運動方向。其(qi)優(you)勢在于啟(qi)動快速、制(zhi)動及時(shi)、調速平穩，并(bing)且(qie)啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在低速時(shi)扭矩(ju)大，因而(er)(er)能(neng)帶很(hen)重的(de)負荷(he)，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動工(gong)具中(zhong)。但由于換(huan)向器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之(zhi)間存在摩擦，因而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易損耗(hao)、壽命短，并(bing)且(qie)效率較(jiao)低。

無(wu)刷電(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)氣換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元件(jian)等電(dian)子換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器替代了機械電(dian)刷裝置(zhi)，其(qi)線(xian)圈不動(dong)而磁(ci)極(ji)旋轉(zhuan)。其(qi)原理是通過(guo)霍爾元件(jian)感(gan)知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的(de)位置(zhi)，從(cong)而適時(shi)切換(huan)(huan)線(xian)圈中(zhong)電(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力(li)來驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機。無(wu)刷電(dian)機的(de)優(you)勢在于故障率低、使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命長(chang)、運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)間(jian)和電(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)分(fen)為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)，定子僅含一個繞組(zu)，需借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)容器等以產生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)。特點是結構簡(jian)單(dan)、維修方便，多應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)小型(xing)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)器等生活場(chang)景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)，定子繞組(zu)分(fen)為(wei)三(san)(san)組(zu)，通入互差(cha)120°的交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)就可(ke)產生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、功率大、可(ke)靠性和精度高，多用(yong)(yong)于(yu)水泵、機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等工業領域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。