寶山電機是一種將電能轉換(huan)為機(ji)(ji)械能的裝置(zhi)。大(da)多數電機(ji)(ji)通過電流在(zai)導線繞(rao)組(zu)中與(yu)磁場的相互作用(yong)(yong)來產生(sheng)扭矩，作用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電機(ji)(ji)軸上形成力。電機(ji)(ji)應用(yong)(yong)場景眾多，在(zai)消費(fei)市(shi)場、工業、車(che)載等都有應用(yong)(yong)。

下(xia)面(mian)我們首(shou)先通過復(fu)盤(pan)海外高端電(dian)機(ji)廠商的發(fa)展歷程，了解(jie)率先布局(ju)高壁壘/新興領域+掌(zhang)握一(yi)體(ti)化技(ji)術(shu)、掌(zhang)握先發(fa)優(you)勢是維持電(dian)機(ji)企業高利潤的關(guan)鍵(jian)。當前電(dian)機(ji)行業競(jing)爭激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發(fa)，驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)廠商抓住技(ji)術(shu)更新迭代(dai)的機(ji)遇，及時布局(ju)伺服電(dian)機(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)等(deng)，真(zhen)正實現國產替(ti)代(dai)沖出重(zhong)圍，在下(xia)一(yi)階段競(jing)爭中搶(qiang)占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作(zuo)用(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類型(xing)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于我(wo)國經濟(ji)生(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)(ge)部門以及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作(zuo)為驅動(dong)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)的動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設備(bei)的技(ji)術(shu)進(jin)步(bu)，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民(min)經濟(ji)各(ge)(ge)部門和廣(guang)大(da)城鄉居民(min)提供(gong)所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指使用(yong)環(huan)境、生(sheng)產(chan)工藝、技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)準等比較特(te)殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)構上來看，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)類型電(dian)機(ji)結(jie)構雖然不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，但一般(ban)都是由三大部(bu)分(fen)組成，即固定(ding)部(bu)分(fen)、轉動部(bu)分(fen)和(he)輔助部(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)部(bu)分(fen)主(zhu)要由定(ding)子(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定(ding)子(zi)鐵心(xin)、定(ding)子(zi)繞組、端蓋及(ji)底板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和(he)支(zhi)撐(cheng)固定(ding)等結(jie)構部(bu)件組合(he)；電(dian)機(ji)的轉動部(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括轉軸、轉子(zi)鐵心(xin)、轉子(zi)支(zhi)架(jia)、轉子(zi)繞組、集電(dian)環、換向器和(he)風扇等部(bu)件；輔助部(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電(dian)刷和(he)冷(leng)卻器等。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有(you)多種分(fen)類(lei)方式，按(an)照應用領域分(fen)為動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)；按(an)照電源類(lei)型分(fen)為直流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力(li)電機和控(kong)制電機

動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出功(gong)率(lv)較大，注重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的驅動(dong)、運行及制(zhi)動(dong)性(xing)能(neng)，主要應用于汽車、家電(dian)(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)床等領(ling)域。控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)側重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出量的幅(fu)頻特性(xing)、相頻特性(xing)及輸出特性(xing)的精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響應速度(du)快，主要在自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)系統中承擔執(zhi)行、檢測和解算功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照(zhao)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)進一步分為旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)直線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)。直線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可看作由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)展平而得(de)，其定子叫(jiao)初(chu)級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級，其優勢在于可以直接將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換為直線(xian)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)械能，而無需再借助中間(jian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置。常(chang)見的(de)直線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可分為U型槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和(he)管式(shi)。其主(zhu)要(yao)應用(yong)于自動(dong)控制系(xi)統(tong)、短距離需要(yao)巨大直線(xian)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)能的(de)裝(zhuang)置或作為長(chang)期連續運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)，例如用(yong)于磁懸(xuan)浮列車(che)以及無鋼(gang)絲(si)繩電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控(kong)制方式進一步(bu)分為步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、力(li)矩電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

步進電機(ji)是一種把(ba)電脈(mo)沖信號(hao)轉換成角(jiao)位移(yi)的電動機(ji)，每(mei)輸入一個脈(mo)沖信號(hao)，步進電機(ji)就按照設(she)(she)定(ding)的方向轉動一個固定(ding)的角(jiao)度(du)。其(qi)結構簡單但效率和(he)精度(du)較(jiao)低，多用于辦(ban)公自動化、通信設(she)(she)備、印刷設(she)(she)備等(deng)領(ling)域。 

伺服電機(ji)(ji)(ji)相較于步進電機(ji)(ji)(ji)增加了編(bian)碼器(qi)(qi)與(yu)反饋機(ji)(ji)(ji)制，使(shi)得驅動器(qi)(qi)可以根據(ju)目標值(zhi)與(yu)編(bian)碼器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)反饋信號(hao)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)來調整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)，從而可實(shi)現(xian)更精(jing)密的(de)(de)(de)控制，主要(yao)適用于半導體、光(guang)伏(fu)、鋰電、工業自動化(hua)、機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)人等對于控制精(jing)度(du)、速度(du)響(xiang)應、過載能力(li)及穩定(ding)性要(yao)求高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)領域。空心(xin)杯電機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)(de)伺服電機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部(bu)環(huan)繞著繞組和磁(ci)鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以(yi)扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)控制(zhi)方向的電機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)開環控制(zhi)。當負(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)能自動(dong)降低(di)轉(zhuan)速，同時(shi)加(jia)大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)一定值(zhi)時(shi)改變(bian)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)端電壓便可(ke)調速。在(zai)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)低(di)速甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能持(chi)續運轉(zhuan)，不會造成(cheng)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提供(gong)穩定的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載(zai)(zai)，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)速、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)(zai)能力(li)強、響應快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)分為(wei)有框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機和交流(liu)電(dian)機

直(zhi)流(liu)電機由(you)直(zhi)流(liu)電源驅動(dong)，交流(liu)電機由(you)交流(liu)電源驅動(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)電機調速性(xing)能好、啟動(dong)力(li)矩(ju)大，適(shi)用于在重負載下啟動(dong)或需要均勻調節轉速的機械。交流(liu)電機效率(lv)高、噪音(yin)低，常用于家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的有無進一步分(fen)為有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機與無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機。對于直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機，為使轉子轉動需要(yao)不斷(duan)改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向。

有(you)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機采用機械(xie)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的(de)電(dian)樞和換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器一起旋轉(zhuan)，而外部的(de)磁極和電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不(bu)動。通過換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)機運(yun)行(xing)時電(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改變，從(cong)而改變電(dian)機的(de)運(yun)動方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于啟(qi)動快速、制動及時、調速平穩(wen)，并且(qie)(qie)啟(qi)動電(dian)流大(da)(da)、在(zai)低(di)速時扭矩大(da)(da)，因而能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)動工具中(zhong)。但由于換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間存在(zai)摩擦，因而電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易(yi)損耗、壽(shou)命短，并且(qie)(qie)效(xiao)率(lv)較低(di)。

無(wu)刷(shua)電機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)電氣(qi)換(huan)向，以霍爾元(yuan)件等(deng)電子換(huan)向器替代了機(ji)(ji)械(xie)電刷(shua)裝置，其線圈不動而磁極旋轉。其原(yuan)理(li)是通過霍爾元(yuan)件感知永磁體磁極的位置，從(cong)而適時(shi)切換(huan)線圈中(zhong)電流的方向，以產(chan)生正確方向的磁力來驅動電機(ji)(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電機(ji)(ji)的優(you)勢在于(yu)故障率低、使(shi)用(yong)壽命長、運行時(shi)間(jian)和電壓比(bi)較穩(wen)定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一(yi)個繞組，需借助(zhu)啟動線(xian)圈或運行電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器等以產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。特點是結(jie)構簡單(dan)、維修(xiu)方便，多應用(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器等生活(huo)場(chang)景。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)三(san)相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定子繞組分(fen)為(wei)三(san)組，通(tong)入互差120°的交流電(dian)(dian)就可產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高(gao)(gao)、功(gong)率(lv)大、可靠性(xing)和精度高(gao)(gao)，多用(yong)于(yu)水泵、機(ji)(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。