閔行電機是一種將電(dian)(dian)能轉換為(wei)機(ji)(ji)械能的裝置。大(da)多(duo)數電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)通過電(dian)(dian)流(liu)在導線繞組中與(yu)磁場的相互作(zuo)用(yong)來產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)上形(xing)成力。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)應(ying)用(yong)場景眾多(duo)，在消費市場、工(gong)業、車(che)載等都有應(ying)用(yong)。

下(xia)面我(wo)們首先通(tong)過復盤海外高(gao)(gao)端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的發展歷程，了解(jie)率(lv)先布局高(gao)(gao)壁壘/新興領(ling)域(yu)+掌握一(yi)體化(hua)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、掌握先發優勢(shi)是(shi)維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企(qi)業高(gao)(gao)利潤的關(guan)鍵。當前(qian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待發，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓(zhua)住(zhu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)更(geng)新迭(die)代的機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空(kong)心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現(xian)國產替代沖出(chu)重(zhong)圍，在下(xia)一(yi)階(jie)段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶占(zhan)先機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)利(li)用(yong)電(dian)與磁(ci)相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)磁(ci)裝(zhuang)置。廣(guang)義的電(dian)機(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和特種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)系統吸(xi)收電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類(lei)型的電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于(yu)我國經濟生產各(ge)(ge)部門以及家用(yong)電(dian)器中，主(zhu)要(yao)作(zuo)為驅動各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)備的動力(li)；發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)系統輸出(chu)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和相關設(she)備的技(ji)術(shu)進步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)，向(xiang)國民(min)經濟各(ge)(ge)部門和廣(guang)大(da)城鄉(xiang)居民(min)提供(gong)所(suo)需電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)指使(shi)用(yong)環境、生產工(gong)藝(yi)、技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)等比(bi)較特殊而區別于(yu)普通電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從結構上來(lai)看(kan)，不(bu)同類型電(dian)機(ji)結構雖然不(bu)同，但一(yi)般(ban)都是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)(zu)成，即固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)主要由定子機(ji)座、機(ji)架、定子鐵(tie)心、定子繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、端蓋(gai)及底板等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和支撐(cheng)固(gu)定等(deng)(deng)結構部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組(zu)(zu)合；電(dian)機(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、集電(dian)環(huan)、換向器和風(feng)扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包括軸(zhou)承、電(dian)刷和冷卻器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有多種分類方式(shi)，按(an)照應用(yong)領(ling)域分為動力電(dian)機(ji)和控(kong)制電(dian)機(ji)；按(an)照電(dian)源類型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應用領域(yu)分為動力電(dian)機和控(kong)制電(dian)機

動(dong)力電(dian)機輸(shu)(shu)出功(gong)(gong)率(lv)較(jiao)大(da)，注重電(dian)機的(de)(de)驅動(dong)、運行及制動(dong)性能，主(zhu)要應(ying)用于汽(qi)車、家電(dian)、小(xiao)型機床等(deng)領域(yu)。控制電(dian)機側(ce)重電(dian)機輸(shu)(shu)出量的(de)(de)幅頻特性、相頻特性及輸(shu)(shu)出特性的(de)(de)精度(du)(du)、靈敏度(du)(du)、穩定性、線性度(du)(du)等(deng)指(zhi)標(biao)，精度(du)(du)高(gao)、響應(ying)速度(du)(du)快(kuai)，主(zhu)要在(zai)自動(dong)控制系(xi)統中承擔執行、檢(jian)測和解算功(gong)(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)(shi)進一步分(fen)為(wei)(wei)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電機(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電機(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)看作由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電機(ji)展平而得，其定(ding)子叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級，其優勢(shi)在于(yu)(yu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)接將電能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)機(ji)械能，而無需再借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)裝置。常見的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電機(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)U型槽式(shi)(shi)、平板(ban)式(shi)(shi)和管(guan)式(shi)(shi)。其主要(yao)應用于(yu)(yu)自動(dong)控(kong)制系統(tong)、短(duan)距離需要(yao)巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)能的(de)(de)裝置或作為(wei)(wei)長期連續運(yun)行的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)電機(ji)，例如用于(yu)(yu)磁懸浮列車以(yi)(yi)及無鋼(gang)絲繩電梯的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照(zhao)控制方式進一步(bu)分為步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)、力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)。

步進電機是一(yi)(yi)種把(ba)電脈沖信(xin)號(hao)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成角位移的電動(dong)(dong)機，每輸入一(yi)(yi)個脈沖信(xin)號(hao)，步進電機就按(an)照設(she)定的方向轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)一(yi)(yi)個固定的角度(du)。其結構簡單但效率(lv)和(he)精度(du)較(jiao)低，多用于辦公自動(dong)(dong)化、通信(xin)設(she)備、印(yin)刷設(she)備等領(ling)域。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)相較于步進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)增加(jia)了編碼器與反饋機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制，使得驅動(dong)(dong)器可(ke)以(yi)根據目標值與編碼器的(de)(de)反饋信(xin)號之間(jian)的(de)(de)差異來調整轉子轉動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)角(jiao)度，從而(er)可(ke)實(shi)現更精(jing)密的(de)(de)控(kong)制，主要(yao)適用(yong)于半導體、光(guang)伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動(dong)(dong)化、機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)器人等對于控(kong)制精(jing)度、速度響應、過(guo)載能力及(ji)穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)(de)領域。空心(xin)杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種特殊的(de)(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵(tie)芯轉子，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著(zhu)繞組和磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為(wei)(wei)控制方向(xiang)的(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當負(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大時(shi)能(neng)自動降低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當負(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)(wei)一定值時(shi)改變(bian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低(di)(di)速(su)甚至堵(du)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成(cheng)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞，并提供穩定的(de)力(li)矩(ju)給負(fu)載(zai)(zai)，具有低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭矩(ju)、過載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)強、響應快、特性線(xian)性度好(hao)等(deng)優點。力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為(wei)(wei)有框力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照(zhao)電源類(lei)型分(fen)為直流(liu)電機和交流(liu)電機

直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)，交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)。直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調(diao)速性能好(hao)、啟動(dong)力矩大，適用于在重負載下啟動(dong)或需要均(jun)勻調(diao)節轉(zhuan)速的機(ji)械。交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低(di)，常(chang)用于家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的有(you)無進一步分(fen)為(wei)有(you)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)與無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流電(dian)機(ji)，為(wei)使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動需要不(bu)斷(duan)改變電(dian)流方向。

有(you)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而外部的磁極和電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不動。通過換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷改變(bian)，從而改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機的運動方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在于啟動快速、制(zhi)動及(ji)時(shi)、調速平穩，并且(qie)啟動電(dian)(dian)流大、在低速時(shi)扭矩大，因而能(neng)帶很重(zhong)的負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)鉆等(deng)日常電(dian)(dian)動工具中。但由于換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之(zhi)間存在摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易損(sun)耗、壽(shou)命短，并且(qie)效(xiao)率較低。

無刷電(dian)(dian)機采用電(dian)(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以霍(huo)爾(er)元件等(deng)電(dian)(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代了機械電(dian)(dian)刷裝置(zhi)，其線(xian)圈不(bu)動(dong)而磁(ci)極旋轉(zhuan)。其原(yuan)理是(shi)通過霍(huo)爾(er)元件感知永磁(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)極的(de)位置(zhi)，從而適(shi)時切換線(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機。無刷電(dian)(dian)機的(de)優勢在于故障(zhang)率(lv)低(di)、使用壽命長、運(yun)行時間和電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分(fen)為單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用單相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅(jin)含一個繞組(zu)(zu)，需借(jie)助啟(qi)動線圈或運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)以產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉磁場(chang)。特點是(shi)結構(gou)簡(jian)單、維修(xiu)方便，多應用于小型(xing)家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生(sheng)活場(chang)景。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用三相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)分(fen)為三組(zu)(zu)，通入互差120°的交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉磁場(chang)。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大、可靠性(xing)和精度高，多用于水泵(beng)、機(ji)床等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。