徐匯電機是一種將電能(neng)轉(zhuan)換為機(ji)械能(neng)的裝置。大多數電機(ji)通(tong)過電流在(zai)導線繞組中與磁場的相互作用來產(chan)生扭(niu)矩(ju)，作用在(zai)電機(ji)軸上形成(cheng)力(li)。電機(ji)應用場景眾多，在(zai)消費市場、工業(ye)、車載等(deng)都(dou)有(you)應用。

下面我們(men)首(shou)先(xian)(xian)通(tong)過復盤海外高端電(dian)機廠(chang)商的(de)發(fa)展歷程(cheng)，了(le)解率先(xian)(xian)布(bu)局高壁壘(lei)/新興領域(yu)+掌握(wo)一體化技(ji)術、掌握(wo)先(xian)(xian)發(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)機企業高利潤(run)的(de)關鍵。當前電(dian)機行業競爭激烈(lie)，人形機器人蓄(xu)勢待發(fa)，驅動電(dian)機廠(chang)商抓住(zhu)技(ji)術更(geng)新迭(die)代(dai)的(de)機遇，及時布(bu)局伺服電(dian)機、空(kong)心杯(bei)電(dian)機、無(wu)框(kuang)電(dian)機等，真正實現國產替代(dai)沖出重圍，在下一階段競爭中搶占先(xian)(xian)機。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相互作用(yong)從而(er)實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)于(yu)我(wo)國(guo)經濟生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)(ge)部門(men)以及(ji)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為驅動(dong)各(ge)(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)械設(she)備的(de)動(dong)力(li)；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關(guan)設(she)備的(de)技術(shu)進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風(feng)能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國(guo)民經濟各(ge)(ge)部門(men)和廣大城鄉居(ju)民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是指使用(yong)環境、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝、技術(shu)標準等比較特殊而(er)區(qu)別(bie)于(yu)普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上來看，不同類型電(dian)機結(jie)構(gou)雖(sui)然不同，但一般都是由(you)三大(da)部(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，即固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)和(he)輔助部(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)分(fen)主要由(you)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)機座(zuo)、機架、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋及底板(ban)等(deng)(deng)(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和(he)支撐固(gu)定(ding)等(deng)(deng)(deng)結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括(kuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向(xiang)器和(he)風扇等(deng)(deng)(deng)部(bu)件；輔助部(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括(kuo)軸(zhou)承、電(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器等(deng)(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有多種分(fen)(fen)類方(fang)式，按照(zhao)應(ying)用(yong)領(ling)域分(fen)(fen)為動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)；按照(zhao)電源類型(xing)分(fen)(fen)為直流(liu)電機(ji)和交流(liu)電機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照(zhao)應用領域分為動力電機和(he)控(kong)制電機

動力電機(ji)輸(shu)出功率較大，注重電機(ji)的(de)驅動、運行(xing)(xing)及(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)動性(xing)能(neng)(neng)，主(zhu)要(yao)應用(yong)于汽車、家電、小(xiao)型機(ji)床(chuang)等領域。控制(zhi)(zhi)電機(ji)側重電機(ji)輸(shu)出量(liang)的(de)幅(fu)頻特(te)(te)性(xing)、相(xiang)頻特(te)(te)性(xing)及(ji)輸(shu)出特(te)(te)性(xing)的(de)精度、靈敏(min)度、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度等指標，精度高、響應速度快，主(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)自動控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統中(zhong)承(cheng)擔(dan)執行(xing)(xing)、檢測和解算(suan)功能(neng)(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照(zhao)運動(dong)方(fang)式進一步分為(wei)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機和直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機可(ke)看(kan)作(zuo)由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機展平(ping)(ping)而得，其定子叫初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)子叫次級(ji)，其優勢在于可(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)機械能，而無(wu)(wu)需(xu)再借助中間轉(zhuan)換(huan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。常見的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式、平(ping)(ping)板式和管(guan)式。其主要應(ying)用(yong)于自(zi)動(dong)控制系統、短距離需(xu)要巨(ju)大直(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)能的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置或作(zuo)為(wei)長期連續運行的(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機，例如用(yong)于磁懸(xuan)浮列(lie)車以及無(wu)(wu)鋼(gang)絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制(zhi)方式進一步分為步進電機、伺服(fu)電機、力(li)矩電機。

步(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)電(dian)機是一種(zhong)把(ba)電(dian)脈(mo)沖信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)轉換成角(jiao)位移的(de)電(dian)動(dong)機，每(mei)輸入一個脈(mo)沖信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)，步(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)電(dian)機就按照設(she)定(ding)的(de)方向轉動(dong)一個固定(ding)的(de)角(jiao)度(du)。其結構簡單但效率和精(jing)度(du)較低，多用(yong)于(yu)辦公自(zi)動(dong)化、通信(xin)(xin)設(she)備(bei)、印刷設(she)備(bei)等領域。 

伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)相(xiang)較于步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)增加了編碼器與反饋機(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅(qu)動器可(ke)以(yi)根據目標值與編碼器的(de)(de)(de)反饋信號(hao)之間的(de)(de)(de)差異來調整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)(du)，從而可(ke)實現更精(jing)密的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用于半導(dao)體(ti)、光(guang)伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)器人等對于控制(zhi)精(jing)度(du)(du)、速度(du)(du)響應(ying)、過載能(neng)力及穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)(de)(de)領域。空心(xin)杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一種(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)(de)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采(cai)用無鐵芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)杯狀結(jie)構，內部環繞著(zhu)繞組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以(yi)扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為控(kong)制(zhi)方向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采(cai)用開環(huan)控(kong)制(zhi)。當負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)能自動降低(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同時(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)值時(shi)改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可(ke)調速。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)低(di)(di)(di)速甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍能持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的損壞(huai)，并(bing)提供穩(wen)定(ding)的力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)，具有低(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能力強、響應快(kuai)、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優點。力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)分(fen)為有框(kuang)力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)無框(kuang)力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)

直流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由(you)直流電(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)，交流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由(you)交流電(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)。直流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速性能好、啟(qi)動(dong)力矩大，適用于在重負載下啟(qi)動(dong)或(huo)需要均(jun)勻調節轉速的機(ji)(ji)械。交流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、噪(zao)音低，常用于家用電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的有(you)無進(jin)一步(bu)分為有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機與無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。對于直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，為使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需要不斷(duan)改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向。

有刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)向(xiang)，內部(bu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向(xiang)器一起(qi)旋(xuan)轉，而外部(bu)的磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)都不動(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)的交(jiao)替(ti)接(jie)觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方向(xiang)就會不斷改變(bian)(bian)，從而改變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的運動(dong)方向(xiang)。其(qi)優勢(shi)在(zai)于啟動(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)及時、調(diao)速(su)平(ping)穩(wen)，并且啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低速(su)時扭矩大，因而能帶很重的負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具(ju)中。但由于換(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)之(zhi)間存(cun)在(zai)摩(mo)擦，因而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)(shua)易損耗(hao)、壽命短(duan)，并且效率較(jiao)低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)機采用電(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以(yi)霍爾元件等電(dian)子換向(xiang)器(qi)替代(dai)了(le)機械電(dian)刷(shua)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，其線(xian)圈不動而磁(ci)極旋轉。其原理是(shi)通過霍爾元件感知永磁(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)極的(de)位置(zhi)，從而適時(shi)切換線(xian)圈中電(dian)流(liu)的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以(yi)產生(sheng)正(zheng)確方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)機。無刷(shua)電(dian)機的(de)優勢在(zai)于(yu)故障率低、使用壽(shou)命長、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分為單(dan)(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與(yu)三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)單(dan)(dan)相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含(han)一個繞組(zu)，需借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產生(sheng)旋轉磁場(chang)。特點是結構簡單(dan)(dan)、維修(xiu)方便，多應用(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場(chang)景。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)三(san)相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組(zu)分為三(san)組(zu)，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可(ke)產生(sheng)旋轉磁場(chang)。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高(gao)、功(gong)率大、可(ke)靠性(xing)和精度高(gao)，多用(yong)于(yu)水(shui)泵、機(ji)床等工(gong)業領(ling)域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。