嘉定電機是一(yi)種將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)為機(ji)械能(neng)的裝置。大多(duo)數電(dian)(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)導線繞組中與(yu)磁(ci)場的相互作用來產生扭(niu)矩，作用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸上形成力(li)。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應(ying)用場景眾多(duo)，在(zai)消費市場、工業、車(che)載(zai)等都有應(ying)用。

下面(mian)我們首先(xian)通過復盤海外高端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)的發展歷程，了(le)解率先(xian)布局高壁壘/新興(xing)領域+掌握一體(ti)化技術(shu)、掌握先(xian)發優勢是維(wei)持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高利(li)潤的關(guan)鍵。當前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競爭激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)抓住技術(shu)更新迭代的機(ji)(ji)遇，及時(shi)布局伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)，真正實現國產(chan)替代沖出重圍，在下一階段(duan)競爭中搶(qiang)占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)從(cong)而(er)實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)械系(xi)統(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)我國經濟生產(chan)各(ge)部(bu)門以(yi)及家(jia)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)(yao)作(zuo)為驅(qu)動(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)械設備的(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)從(cong)機(ji)械系(xi)統(tong)吸收機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)相關設備的(de)技(ji)術(shu)進步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國民經濟各(ge)部(bu)門和(he)廣大城鄉居(ju)民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)主要(yao)(yao)是指使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環境、生產(chan)工藝、技(ji)術(shu)標準等比較(jiao)特殊而(er)區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看(kan)，不同類型電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)結構(gou)雖然不同，但一般(ban)都(dou)是由三(san)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)成，即固定部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)和輔助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。固定部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要由定子(zi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)、機(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)(jia)、定子(zi)鐵心(xin)(xin)、定子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、端蓋(gai)及底(di)板(ban)等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和支撐(cheng)固定等(deng)(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的轉動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)括(kuo)轉軸(zhou)、轉子(zi)鐵心(xin)(xin)、轉子(zi)支架(jia)(jia)、轉子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、集(ji)電(dian)環、換向器和風扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)件；輔助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)括(kuo)軸(zhou)承、電(dian)刷(shua)和冷卻器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機有多種(zhong)分類(lei)方式，按(an)照(zhao)應用領域分為動(dong)力電機和控制電機；按(an)照(zhao)電源類(lei)型分為直流電機和交流電機。

（1）按照應用(yong)領域(yu)分為動力電機和控制電機

動力電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功率較(jiao)大，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)的驅(qu)動、運行及(ji)制(zhi)動性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，主(zhu)要(yao)應(ying)用于汽車、家電(dian)、小(xiao)型(xing)機(ji)床等領域。控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量的幅頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)及(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)特(te)性(xing)(xing)的精度、靈敏度、穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度等指標(biao)，精度高、響應(ying)速度快(kuai)，主(zhu)要(yao)在自動控(kong)制(zhi)系統中承擔執行、檢測和解算功能(neng)(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)進一(yi)步分為(wei)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平而得，其(qi)(qi)定(ding)子(zi)叫初級、轉(zhuan)子(zi)叫次級，其(qi)(qi)優勢在于可(ke)以(yi)(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)機(ji)械能，而無需(xu)再借(jie)助(zhu)中間轉(zhuan)換裝置(zhi)。常見的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和(he)管式(shi)。其(qi)(qi)主要應用(yong)于自動(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制系統、短距(ju)離(li)需(xu)要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)能的(de)裝置(zhi)或作為(wei)長(chang)期連續運(yun)行的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用(yong)于磁懸浮列車以(yi)(yi)及無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進一步分為步進電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力矩(ju)電機(ji)。

步進電(dian)(dian)機是一(yi)種把電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖信(xin)號轉換成角位移的(de)電(dian)(dian)動機，每輸入一(yi)個脈(mo)沖信(xin)號，步進電(dian)(dian)機就(jiu)按(an)照設定的(de)方向(xiang)轉動一(yi)個固定的(de)角度。其(qi)結構簡單但效率和精度較(jiao)低，多用于辦公自動化、通信(xin)設備(bei)、印刷設備(bei)等領域。 

伺服(fu)電機(ji)相(xiang)較于步進電機(ji)增加了(le)編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)與反(fan)(fan)饋機(ji)制，使得驅動(dong)(dong)器(qi)可(ke)以根據目標值與編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)的(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)饋信號之間的(de)(de)差異來調整轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)角度，從而可(ke)實現更精密的(de)(de)控制，主(zhu)要適(shi)用于半導體、光伏、鋰電、工業(ye)自動(dong)(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制精度、速度響應、過(guo)載能力(li)及(ji)穩定性要求高(gao)的(de)(de)領(ling)域。空(kong)心杯(bei)電機(ji)是一種特(te)殊的(de)(de)伺服(fu)電機(ji)，采用無鐵芯(xin)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，呈空(kong)心的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)為控(kong)制方向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控(kong)制。當負載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大時能(neng)自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同(tong)時加(jia)大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當負載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定值時改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)便(bian)可調速。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的損壞(huai)，并提供(gong)穩(wen)定的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負載(zai)，具(ju)有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)能(neng)力(li)強、響應(ying)快(kuai)、特性(xing)(xing)線(xian)性(xing)(xing)度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為直(zhi)流(liu)電機(ji)和(he)交流(liu)電機(ji)

直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機由直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅動，交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機由交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅動。直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機調速(su)性(xing)能好、啟(qi)動力矩大，適用于(yu)在重(zhong)負載(zai)下啟(qi)動或需要(yao)均勻調節轉(zhuan)速(su)的機械。交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高、噪音低，常用于(yu)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)有(you)無進一步分為有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與(yu)無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。對于直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，為使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需要不斷(duan)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流方(fang)向(xiang)。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)機械換(huan)向，內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向器一(yi)起旋轉，而(er)(er)外部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)磁極(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)。通過(guo)換(huan)向器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機運(yun)行時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)方向就會不(bu)斷改變(bian)，從而(er)(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向。其(qi)優勢在于(yu)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)(dong)及時、調(diao)速(su)平(ping)穩，并且啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在低(di)速(su)時扭矩(ju)大，因而(er)(er)能帶很(hen)重的(de)(de)(de)負荷，常(chang)用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具(ju)中。但由(you)于(yu)換(huan)向器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之間存在摩擦(ca)，因而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易損(sun)耗、壽命(ming)短，并且效率較低(di)。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以(yi)霍爾(er)元件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)器替代了(le)機械(xie)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其線(xian)圈不動而磁(ci)(ci)極旋轉(zhuan)。其原理是通過霍爾(er)元件(jian)感(gan)知永磁(ci)(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)(ci)極的位置(zhi)，從而適時(shi)切(qie)換(huan)線(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)，以(yi)產生正(zheng)確(que)方向(xiang)的磁(ci)(ci)力來(lai)驅動電(dian)(dian)機。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機的優勢在于故(gu)障(zhang)率低、使(shi)用(yong)壽命長、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)(dian)壓比較穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)機按照電(dian)源類型分為(wei)單相電(dian)機與三相電(dian)機。單相電(dian)機采(cai)用單相交流電(dian)源供電(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)僅含(han)一個繞組(zu)，需借助(zhu)啟動(dong)線圈(quan)或運行(xing)電(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)以產生(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場。特(te)點是結構簡單、維修方便，多應用于小型家用電(dian)器(qi)等(deng)生(sheng)活場景。三相電(dian)機采(cai)用三相交流電(dian)源供電(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)分為(wei)三組(zu)，通入互差120°的交流電(dian)就(jiu)可產生(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場。三相電(dian)機效率高(gao)(gao)、功率大、可靠性和精度高(gao)(gao)，多用于水(shui)泵、機床等(deng)工業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。