黃浦電機是一種將(jiang)電(dian)能轉換為機械能的裝置。大多數(shu)電(dian)機通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)流(liu)在導線(xian)繞(rao)組(zu)中(zhong)與磁場(chang)的相(xiang)互(hu)作用來產生扭矩，作用在電(dian)機軸(zhou)上(shang)形成力。電(dian)機應用場(chang)景(jing)眾多，在消費市場(chang)、工業(ye)、車(che)載等都有應用。

下(xia)(xia)面我們(men)首先通過復盤海外(wai)高(gao)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商的發展歷(li)程，了解率先布局高(gao)壁壘(lei)/新(xin)興(xing)領域(yu)+掌握一體化技術(shu)、掌握先發優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)業競爭激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄(xu)勢待發，驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商抓(zhua)住(zhu)技術(shu)更新(xin)迭代(dai)(dai)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時(shi)布局伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代(dai)(dai)沖出重圍，在下(xia)(xia)一階段競爭中搶占先機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)從而實(shi)現(xian)能量(liang)轉換(huan)與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝(zhuang)置。廣(guang)義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)能，各(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于(yu)我國經濟(ji)生(sheng)產各(ge)部門(men)以(yi)及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作(zuo)為(wei)驅(qu)動(dong)各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)設備的(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)能，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關設備的(de)技術進步(bu)，使(shi)人(ren)們能夠利(li)用(yong)熱能、水能、核能以(yi)及風能、太陽(yang)能、生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)能等能源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經濟(ji)各(ge)部門(men)和(he)廣(guang)大城鄉居(ju)民提(ti)供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能；特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)環境、生(sheng)產工藝、技術標準等比較特(te)殊而區別于(yu)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構上來(lai)看，不同類型電(dian)機結構雖(sui)然不同，但一般都是由三大部(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，即固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)和(he)輔助部(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)主(zhu)要(yao)由定(ding)(ding)(ding)子機座、機架、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子鐵(tie)心、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子繞組(zu)、端蓋及(ji)底板等(deng)導磁(ci)、導電(dian)和(he)支撐固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)等(deng)結構部(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)子支架、轉(zhuan)子繞組(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向器(qi)和(he)風(feng)扇等(deng)部(bu)件；輔助部(bu)分(fen)包括軸承(cheng)、電(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機有多種分(fen)類方(fang)式，按照應用領(ling)域分(fen)為(wei)動力電(dian)(dian)機和控制電(dian)(dian)機；按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機和交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機。

（1）按照應(ying)用領域分為(wei)動力(li)電機和控制電機

動(dong)力電機(ji)輸(shu)出功率較大(da)，注重電機(ji)的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)、運行及制(zhi)動(dong)性能，主(zhu)要應(ying)用于汽車、家(jia)電、小型機(ji)床等領域。控(kong)制(zhi)電機(ji)側(ce)重電機(ji)輸(shu)出量的(de)幅頻(pin)特(te)性、相頻(pin)特(te)性及輸(shu)出特(te)性的(de)精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性、線性度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響應(ying)速度(du)快(kuai)，主(zhu)要在自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)系統中承擔執行、檢(jian)測和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動方式(shi)(shi)進一步(bu)分為(wei)(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)由(you)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平(ping)而得(de)，其定子叫初級、轉(zhuan)子叫次(ci)級，其優勢(shi)在于可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)線運(yun)動的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能，而無需再借(jie)助中間轉(zhuan)換(huan)裝置(zhi)。常見的(de)直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)U型(xing)槽式(shi)(shi)、平(ping)板式(shi)(shi)和管式(shi)(shi)。其主要應(ying)用于自動控制系統(tong)、短(duan)距離需要巨大直(zhi)線運(yun)動能的(de)裝置(zhi)或作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)長期連續運(yun)行的(de)驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例(li)如用于磁懸浮列(lie)車以(yi)及無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅(qu)動。

2）控制電機

按照(zhao)控(kong)制方式進(jin)一步(bu)分為步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)、力矩電(dian)機(ji)。

步進電(dian)(dian)機是一種把(ba)電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖信(xin)(xin)號(hao)轉換(huan)成(cheng)角位(wei)移的電(dian)(dian)動機，每輸入一個(ge)脈(mo)沖信(xin)(xin)號(hao)，步進電(dian)(dian)機就(jiu)按照設(she)(she)定(ding)的方(fang)向轉動一個(ge)固定(ding)的角度(du)。其結(jie)構簡單但效率和(he)精度(du)較低，多用于辦公自動化、通信(xin)(xin)設(she)(she)備、印刷設(she)(she)備等領域。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)相較于(yu)(yu)(yu)步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)增加了(le)編碼器與反饋機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)(dong)器可以根(gen)據目標值與編碼器的(de)反饋信號之間(jian)的(de)差異來調整轉子(zi)轉動(dong)(dong)的(de)角度(du)(du)，從而可實現更精密的(de)控制(zhi)，主要適用于(yu)(yu)(yu)半導體、光伏(fu)、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工業(ye)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化、機(ji)(ji)器人(ren)等(deng)對于(yu)(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)精度(du)(du)、速度(du)(du)響應、過載能力及穩定性要求高(gao)的(de)領域。空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用無鐵芯(xin)轉子(zi)，呈空心的(de)杯狀結(jie)構，內(nei)部(bu)環繞著(zhu)繞組和(he)磁鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)向的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用(yong)開環控(kong)制(zhi)。當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大(da)時(shi)能自(zi)動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為一(yi)定值時(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子(zi)無法(fa)轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能持(chi)續運(yun)轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞，并提(ti)供穩定的(de)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給(gei)負(fu)載(zai)，具(ju)有低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載(zai)能力(li)強、響應快、特性線性度好(hao)等(deng)優(you)點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分(fen)為有框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照(zhao)電源類型分為直流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)

直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由(you)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動，交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由(you)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動。直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調速性能好、啟動力(li)矩大，適用于在(zai)重負(fu)載下啟動或需要均勻調節轉速的機(ji)械。交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高(gao)、噪音低，常用于家用電(dian)(dian)器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷的(de)有無(wu)進(jin)一步分為(wei)有刷電機(ji)與無(wu)刷電機(ji)。對于直流電機(ji)，為(wei)使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需要不(bu)斷改變電流方(fang)向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用機(ji)(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向，內部(bu)(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和換(huan)(huan)向器(qi)(qi)一起旋轉，而外部(bu)(bu)的(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)。通過(guo)換(huan)(huan)向器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向就會不(bu)斷改(gai)變(bian)，從(cong)而改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向。其優勢在(zai)于啟動(dong)(dong)快(kuai)速(su)、制動(dong)(dong)及時(shi)、調速(su)平穩(wen)，并(bing)且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在(zai)低速(su)時(shi)扭(niu)矩大(da)，因而能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具(ju)中。但由于換(huan)(huan)向器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在(zai)摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短(duan)，并(bing)且效率較低。

無(wu)(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)霍爾(er)元件等電(dian)(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷裝置(zhi)(zhi)，其線圈(quan)不(bu)動(dong)而(er)磁極(ji)旋轉。其原(yuan)理是通過霍爾(er)元件感知永(yong)磁體磁極(ji)的位置(zhi)(zhi)，從而(er)適時切換(huan)線圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)流的方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)產生正確方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)的磁力(li)來(lai)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的優勢(shi)在(zai)于故障率低、使用壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較(jiao)穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分為單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用單相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一個繞組，需借助啟動線圈或運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)以產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉磁場。特(te)點是(shi)結構簡單、維修方便，多應用于小型家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等(deng)生(sheng)活場景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞組分為三(san)組，通入(ru)互差(cha)120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉磁場。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高、功率大、可靠性和精(jing)度高，多用于水泵、機床等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。