普陀電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機械(xie)能的(de)裝置。大多(duo)數電(dian)機通過電(dian)流在導線繞(rao)組(zu)中(zhong)與磁場(chang)的(de)相(xiang)互作用(yong)來產(chan)生扭矩，作用(yong)在電(dian)機軸上形成力。電(dian)機應用(yong)場(chang)景眾多(duo)，在消(xiao)費市(shi)場(chang)、工業、車載等都有應用(yong)。

下面我(wo)們(men)首先通過復盤海外(wai)高端電機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)(shang)的(de)發展歷程，了解率先布(bu)局高壁(bi)壘/新(xin)興(xing)領域+掌握一體化技術、掌握先發優勢是(shi)維持(chi)電機(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高利潤(run)的(de)關鍵(jian)。當(dang)前電機(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競爭激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發，驅(qu)動電機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)(shang)抓住技術更新(xin)迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及(ji)時布(bu)局伺服電機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)(ji)、無框電機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出(chu)重圍，在下一階段(duan)競爭中搶占先機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相(xiang)互作用(yong)從而實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳遞(di)的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于我國經濟(ji)生產(chan)各(ge)(ge)部門以(yi)及(ji)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)(zhu)要作為驅動各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)的(de)動力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關設備(bei)的(de)技(ji)術進步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民(min)經濟(ji)各(ge)(ge)部門和(he)廣大城鄉居民(min)提供所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)要是指(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)環境、生產(chan)工藝、技(ji)術標準等比較特(te)殊而區(qu)別(bie)于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)(jie)構上來看，不同(tong)類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)機(ji)結(jie)(jie)構雖然不同(tong)，但(dan)一(yi)般(ban)都是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分組成，即固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分、轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分和輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分主(zhu)要由定(ding)(ding)子(zi)機(ji)座(zuo)、機(ji)架、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)鐵(tie)心、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞組、端蓋(gai)及底板(ban)等導磁(ci)、導電(dian)(dian)和支(zhi)撐固定(ding)(ding)等結(jie)(jie)構部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組合；電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包括轉軸、轉子(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉子(zi)支(zhi)架、轉子(zi)繞組、集電(dian)(dian)環、換向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)和風扇(shan)等部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包括軸承、電(dian)(dian)刷和冷卻器(qi)(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機有多種分(fen)類方式，按照應(ying)用(yong)領(ling)域分(fen)為動力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機；按照電(dian)源類型分(fen)為直流電(dian)機和交流電(dian)機。

（1）按(an)照應用領域分為動力電(dian)機(ji)和控制電(dian)機(ji)

動力(li)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功率較大，注重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的驅動、運行(xing)及(ji)(ji)制動性(xing)能(neng)，主(zhu)要應(ying)用于汽車、家電(dian)(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等(deng)(deng)領域。控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)側重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量的幅頻特(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)及(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)特(te)性(xing)的精度、靈敏度、穩定性(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)度等(deng)(deng)指標，精度高、響(xiang)應(ying)速(su)度快，主(zhu)要在(zai)自動控(kong)制系統中承擔執行(xing)、檢測和解(jie)算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)進一步分為(wei)旋轉電機(ji)和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)線電機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線電機(ji)可看作由旋轉電機(ji)展平(ping)而得(de)，其定(ding)子(zi)叫(jiao)初級、轉子(zi)叫(jiao)次級，其優勢(shi)在(zai)于(yu)可以直(zhi)(zhi)接將電能(neng)轉換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)動(dong)的機(ji)械能(neng)，而無(wu)需再借(jie)助中間轉換(huan)裝置(zhi)。常見的直(zhi)(zhi)線電機(ji)可分為(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平(ping)板式(shi)和(he)管式(shi)。其主(zhu)要(yao)應用于(yu)自動(dong)控制系統、短距離(li)需要(yao)巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)動(dong)能(neng)的裝置(zhi)或作為(wei)長期連續運(yun)行的驅(qu)動(dong)電機(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁懸浮列車(che)以及無(wu)鋼絲繩(sheng)電梯的驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式(shi)進(jin)一步分為步進(jin)電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步進電機是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)把電脈(mo)沖信號(hao)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)角(jiao)位移的(de)(de)電動(dong)機，每輸入一(yi)(yi)個脈(mo)沖信號(hao)，步進電機就按照設(she)定(ding)的(de)(de)方向轉(zhuan)動(dong)一(yi)(yi)個固定(ding)的(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)。其結構簡單(dan)但(dan)效率(lv)和精度(du)較低，多用于辦公(gong)自動(dong)化、通信設(she)備、印刷設(she)備等領域。 

伺服電(dian)機相較于步(bu)進電(dian)機增(zeng)加了(le)編碼器(qi)與反饋機制，使得驅動器(qi)可以根據目標(biao)值與編碼器(qi)的(de)(de)反饋信號(hao)之間(jian)的(de)(de)差異來調(diao)整轉子轉動的(de)(de)角度(du)，從而(er)可實(shi)現(xian)更精密的(de)(de)控(kong)制，主要適用(yong)(yong)于半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動化、機器(qi)人等對于控(kong)制精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過(guo)載能力及穩定性要求高(gao)的(de)(de)領域。空心(xin)杯電(dian)機是(shi)一種(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)伺服電(dian)機，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)無鐵芯轉子，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為控制方向的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)開(kai)環控制。當負(fu)載轉矩(ju)增大(da)時能(neng)(neng)(neng)自動(dong)(dong)降低轉速，同時加大(da)輸出轉矩(ju)，當負(fu)載轉矩(ju)為一定值時改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)低速甚至堵(du)轉（轉子無法轉動(dong)(dong)）時仍能(neng)(neng)(neng)持續(xu)運(yun)轉，不會造(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提供穩定的力(li)(li)矩(ju)給負(fu)載，具有低轉速、大(da)扭矩(ju)、過載能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)強、響應(ying)快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度(du)好等優點。力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分為有框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和無框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源(yuan)類型分為直流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)

直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)，交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)。直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調速(su)性能好(hao)、啟動(dong)力(li)矩(ju)大(da)，適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)在(zai)重負(fu)載下(xia)啟動(dong)或(huo)需要均勻調節轉速(su)的機(ji)械。交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低(di)，常用(yong)(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷(shua)的有(you)(you)無(wu)進一步(bu)分為(wei)有(you)(you)刷(shua)電機與無(wu)刷(shua)電機。對(dui)于直流電機，為(wei)使轉子轉動(dong)需要(yao)不斷改(gai)變電流方向。

有(you)刷電機(ji)(ji)采用機(ji)(ji)械換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，內部的(de)(de)電樞(shu)和換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)一起旋轉(zhuan)，而(er)外部的(de)(de)磁極和電刷都不動(dong)。通過(guo)換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與電刷的(de)(de)交替(ti)接觸(chu)，電機(ji)(ji)運行時(shi)(shi)電流(liu)的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷改變，從而(er)改變電機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)運動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其優(you)勢在于(yu)啟動(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)及時(shi)(shi)、調速(su)平穩，并且啟動(dong)電流(liu)大、在低速(su)時(shi)(shi)扭矩(ju)大，因(yin)而(er)能帶很重的(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he)，常用在電鉆等日常電動(dong)工具中。但(dan)由于(yu)換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與電刷之間存在摩(mo)擦(ca)，因(yin)而(er)電刷易損耗(hao)、壽(shou)命短，并且效率較低。

無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，以霍爾(er)(er)元件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)替代(dai)了機械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其線圈(quan)不(bu)動(dong)而磁極(ji)旋轉。其原(yuan)理是通過(guo)霍爾(er)(er)元件(jian)感(gan)知(zhi)永磁體磁極(ji)的(de)位置，從而適時(shi)切(qie)換(huan)線圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)，以產(chan)生正確方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)磁力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)優勢(shi)在于故障率低、使用壽命(ming)長(chang)、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分(fen)為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一個繞(rao)組，需借助(zhu)啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)以產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便(bian)，多應用于小(xiao)型(xing)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生活(huo)場(chang)景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞(rao)組分(fen)為(wei)三(san)(san)組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高、功(gong)率(lv)大、可靠性和精度高，多用于水泵、機(ji)床等(deng)工業領域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。