楊浦電機是一種將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換為機(ji)械能(neng)的裝置。大多數電(dian)(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)(dian)流在導(dao)線繞組中與(yu)磁場(chang)(chang)的相(xiang)互作(zuo)用來產生(sheng)扭(niu)矩，作(zuo)用在電(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸上形成力。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應用場(chang)(chang)景眾多，在消費(fei)市場(chang)(chang)、工(gong)業、車載等都有應用。

下面(mian)我(wo)們首(shou)先(xian)通過復(fu)盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)(shang)的發展歷程(cheng)，了解率先(xian)布(bu)局高(gao)壁(bi)壘/新興(xing)領域+掌握(wo)一體化技術(shu)、掌握(wo)先(xian)發優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭激烈，人形(xing)機(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待發，驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)(shang)抓(zhua)住技術(shu)更新迭代的機(ji)(ji)遇(yu)，及時布(bu)局伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框(kuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)，真(zhen)正實(shi)現國產替代沖出重(zhong)圍(wei)，在下一階(jie)段競(jing)爭中(zhong)搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作用(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于我國經濟生產各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)門以及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，主要作為(wei)驅動(dong)(dong)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)設備(bei)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)相關設備(bei)的(de)(de)技術進步，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及風(feng)能(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民(min)經濟各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)門和(he)(he)廣大城鄉居民(min)提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指(zhi)使用(yong)環境(jing)、生產工藝、技術標準等比(bi)較特殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構上來看，不同類型(xing)電(dian)機結構雖然不同，但一般都是由(you)三大部分組(zu)(zu)成，即(ji)固定(ding)部分、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部分和(he)(he)輔助(zhu)(zhu)部分。固定(ding)部分主要由(you)定(ding)子(zi)機座、機架(jia)(jia)、定(ding)子(zi)鐵心(xin)、定(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)、端(duan)蓋及(ji)底板等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和(he)(he)支(zhi)撐固定(ding)等(deng)結構部件組(zu)(zu)合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部分包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心(xin)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向(xiang)器和(he)(he)風扇等(deng)部件；輔助(zhu)(zhu)部分包括軸承、電(dian)刷(shua)和(he)(he)冷卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)有多種分(fen)類方式，按照應用領(ling)域分(fen)為(wei)動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力電機(ji)和控(kong)制(zhi)電機(ji)

動(dong)力電機輸出(chu)功(gong)率較大，注重電機的(de)驅動(dong)、運行(xing)(xing)及制(zhi)動(dong)性能(neng)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)應用于汽車、家電、小型機床等(deng)領(ling)域。控制(zhi)電機側(ce)重電機輸出(chu)量的(de)幅頻特(te)性、相頻特(te)性及輸出(chu)特(te)性的(de)精(jing)度、靈敏度、穩定性、線(xian)性度等(deng)指標，精(jing)度高、響應速度快，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)在自動(dong)控制(zhi)系統中承(cheng)擔執行(xing)(xing)、檢測和解算(suan)功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運動(dong)方式(shi)進(jin)一步分為(wei)(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機和直線電(dian)(dian)機。直線電(dian)(dian)機可(ke)看作由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機展(zhan)平而(er)(er)得，其定子叫(jiao)初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級(ji)，其優勢(shi)在(zai)于可(ke)以直接(jie)將電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)(wei)直線運動(dong)的機械(xie)能，而(er)(er)無需再借(jie)助中間轉(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。常(chang)見的直線電(dian)(dian)機可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平板(ban)式(shi)和管式(shi)。其主要(yao)應用于自動(dong)控制系統(tong)、短距離需要(yao)巨大(da)直線運動(dong)能的裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)或作為(wei)(wei)長(chang)期連(lian)續運行的驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機，例(li)如用于磁懸浮列(lie)車(che)以及(ji)無鋼絲(si)繩電(dian)(dian)梯的驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式(shi)進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)分為步(bu)進(jin)(jin)電機、伺(si)服電機、力矩電機。

步進電(dian)機是一(yi)(yi)種把電(dian)脈沖信(xin)號(hao)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成角位移的(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機，每輸入(ru)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)脈沖信(xin)號(hao)，步進電(dian)機就(jiu)按照(zhao)設(she)(she)定的(de)方向(xiang)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)固定的(de)角度。其結(jie)構簡單但效率和精度較低，多(duo)用于(yu)辦公自動(dong)(dong)化、通(tong)信(xin)設(she)(she)備、印刷設(she)(she)備等領域(yu)。 

伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)相較于步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)增加了(le)編(bian)碼器(qi)與(yu)反饋機(ji)制，使得(de)驅(qu)動(dong)器(qi)可以根據目標值與(yu)編(bian)碼器(qi)的(de)(de)反饋信號(hao)之間的(de)(de)差異來調整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)角(jiao)度，從而可實現更(geng)精密的(de)(de)控制，主要(yao)適用于半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制精度、速度響應、過載(zai)能(neng)力及穩(wen)定性要(yao)求(qiu)高的(de)(de)領(ling)域。空(kong)心杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)種(zhong)特(te)殊的(de)(de)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采(cai)用無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空(kong)心的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環(huan)繞著繞組和磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方向的(de)電(dian)機(ji)，采用開環控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。當(dang)(dang)負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大時能(neng)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)降低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)(dang)負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)一定(ding)值時改變電(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)壓(ya)便可調速(su)。在電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)低(di)(di)速(su)甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時仍能(neng)持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會(hui)造成電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)損壞，并提供穩定(ding)的(de)力(li)(li)矩(ju)給負載，具(ju)有低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭矩(ju)、過載能(neng)力(li)(li)強(qiang)、響應快(kuai)、特(te)性線(xian)性度(du)好等(deng)優點(dian)。力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)分(fen)為(wei)有框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)和無框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電(dian)源類型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)機

直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機由(you)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)源驅動(dong)，交流(liu)電(dian)機由(you)交流(liu)電(dian)源驅動(dong)。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機調速(su)性能好、啟動(dong)力矩大，適用于(yu)在重負載下(xia)啟動(dong)或需(xu)要均勻調節(jie)轉速(su)的機械。交流(liu)電(dian)機效率高(gao)、噪音(yin)低，常用于(yu)家(jia)用電(dian)器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷的(de)有無(wu)進一(yi)步分為(wei)有刷電機(ji)與無(wu)刷電機(ji)。對于直流電機(ji)，為(wei)使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需(xu)要不斷改變電流方(fang)向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)機械換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)(er)外部的(de)(de)(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)刷都不(bu)(bu)動。通(tong)過換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機運行(xing)時電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)就會不(bu)(bu)斷改變，從而(er)(er)改變電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)運動方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。其(qi)優勢在(zai)于(yu)啟(qi)動快速(su)(su)、制動及時、調(diao)速(su)(su)平穩，并(bing)且啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低速(su)(su)時扭矩大，因而(er)(er)能帶很重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)負荷，常(chang)(chang)用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)動工具中。但由于(yu)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷之間存在(zai)摩擦，因而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)刷易損耗(hao)、壽命短，并(bing)且效率較低。

無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)子換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器替代了(le)機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷裝置(zhi)，其線圈(quan)不動(dong)而磁(ci)極(ji)(ji)旋(xuan)轉。其原理是(shi)通過霍爾元件(jian)感知永(yong)磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)，從(cong)而適時(shi)切換(huan)(huan)線圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的(de)(de)磁(ci)力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)優(you)勢在(zai)于故障率低、使用(yong)壽(shou)命長、運行時(shi)間(jian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含(han)一(yi)個繞(rao)組(zu)，需借助啟動(dong)線(xian)圈或運行電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器等(deng)以(yi)產生(sheng)(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)。特點是(shi)結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多(duo)應用(yong)于小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)活場(chang)景(jing)。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用(yong)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞(rao)組(zu)分為(wei)三(san)組(zu)，通入互(hu)差120°的(de)交流電(dian)(dian)就可(ke)產生(sheng)(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、功率大、可(ke)靠性和(he)精度高，多(duo)用(yong)于水(shui)泵、機(ji)床等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。