朝陽電機是(shi)一(yi)種將電能(neng)轉換為(wei)機械能(neng)的裝置。大多數(shu)電機通過電流在(zai)導線(xian)繞組中與(yu)磁場的相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)來(lai)產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)電機軸(zhou)上形成力。電機應用(yong)場景眾多，在(zai)消費市(shi)場、工業、車載等都(dou)有(you)應用(yong)。

下面我們首先(xian)(xian)通過(guo)復(fu)盤海外高端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商的發展歷程，了(le)解率先(xian)(xian)布局高壁(bi)壘/新興領域+掌握一體(ti)化(hua)技術、掌握先(xian)(xian)發優勢是(shi)維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高利潤的關鍵。當前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)業競爭激烈，人形(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待發，驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商抓住技術更新迭代的機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及(ji)時布局伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心(xin)杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正(zheng)實現國產替代沖(chong)出重(zhong)圍，在下一階段競爭中搶(qiang)占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)義(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型(xing)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于我國(guo)經(jing)濟生(sheng)產各部門(men)以及家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，主要(yao)作(zuo)為驅(qu)動(dong)各種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設(she)備(bei)的(de)動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)設(she)備(bei)的(de)技術(shu)進步(bu)，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國(guo)民(min)經(jing)濟各部門(men)和(he)廣(guang)大(da)城鄉(xiang)居民(min)提供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指使用(yong)環境(jing)、生(sheng)產工藝、技術(shu)標準等比較特(te)(te)(te)殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)(jie)構上來看，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)類型電機(ji)結(jie)(jie)構雖然不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，但(dan)一般都是由三大部分組(zu)成，即固(gu)定(ding)部分、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部分和輔助(zhu)部分。固(gu)定(ding)部分主要由定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋及底板等導(dao)(dao)磁、導(dao)(dao)電和支(zhi)撐固(gu)定(ding)等結(jie)(jie)構部件(jian)組(zu)合(he)；電機(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部分包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、集電環(huan)、換(huan)向(xiang)器和風(feng)扇等部件(jian)；輔助(zhu)部分包括軸承、電刷和冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有(you)多(duo)種分(fen)類(lei)方式，按(an)照(zhao)應用(yong)領域分(fen)為(wei)動力電(dian)機(ji)和控制電(dian)機(ji)；按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)源類(lei)型(xing)分(fen)為(wei)直流電(dian)機(ji)和交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應(ying)用領(ling)域分為動力電機和(he)控制(zhi)電機

動(dong)力電(dian)機輸出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)較(jiao)大，注重電(dian)機的(de)驅動(dong)、運行及制動(dong)性(xing)能，主要應用于汽(qi)車、家電(dian)、小型機床等(deng)(deng)領域。控制電(dian)機側重電(dian)機輸出(chu)量的(de)幅頻特(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)及輸出(chu)特(te)性(xing)的(de)精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩(wen)定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)等(deng)(deng)指標，精度(du)高、響應速度(du)快(kuai)，主要在自動(dong)控制系統中(zhong)承擔執行、檢(jian)測和解算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按(an)照(zhao)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)方(fang)式(shi)進一步分為(wei)旋轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作由旋轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平而得(de)，其定子叫初(chu)級、轉子叫次(ci)級，其優勢在于可(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而無需再借助中間轉換裝置。常見的直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽(cao)式(shi)、平板(ban)式(shi)和(he)(he)管式(shi)。其主要應用(yong)于自動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系統、短距(ju)離需要巨(ju)大(da)直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)能(neng)的裝置或作為(wei)長期(qi)連續運(yun)(yun)行的驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用(yong)于磁(ci)懸浮列車以及無鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的驅動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控(kong)制方式進一(yi)步(bu)分為步(bu)進電機(ji)(ji)、伺服電機(ji)(ji)、力矩電機(ji)(ji)。

步進電(dian)(dian)機是一種把(ba)電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成角位(wei)移的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動機，每輸入一個脈(mo)沖信(xin)號，步進電(dian)(dian)機就按照設定的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)轉(zhuan)動一個固定的(de)(de)角度。其結構簡單(dan)但效率和精度較低(di)，多用于(yu)辦公自動化(hua)、通信(xin)設備(bei)、印(yin)刷設備(bei)等領域。 

伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相(xiang)較于(yu)步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)增加了編碼器(qi)與(yu)反饋機(ji)(ji)(ji)制，使得驅動器(qi)可以根據目標值與(yu)編碼器(qi)的反饋信(xin)號之間的差異來調整(zheng)轉子轉動的角(jiao)度(du)，從而可實現更精(jing)密的控制，主(zhu)要適用于(yu)半(ban)導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)人(ren)等對(dui)于(yu)控制精(jing)度(du)、速(su)度(du)響應、過載能力及穩定性要求高(gao)的領(ling)域。空(kong)心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)特殊的伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用無鐵芯轉子，呈空(kong)心的杯狀(zhuang)結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以(yi)扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)向的電機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開(kai)環(huan)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大(da)時(shi)能(neng)自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定值(zhi)時(shi)改變(bian)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)端電壓便可(ke)調速(su)。在電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法(fa)轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造成(cheng)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的損壞，并(bing)提供穩定的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能(neng)力(li)強、響應(ying)快、特(te)性線性度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)分為有(you)框(kuang)(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無框(kuang)(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為(wei)直流電機和交(jiao)流電機

直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機由(you)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機由(you)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)。直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機調速性(xing)能好、啟動(dong)力矩大，適用(yong)于在重(zhong)負載下啟動(dong)或需要(yao)均勻(yun)調節轉速的機械。交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高(gao)、噪音(yin)低，常用(yong)于家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)刷的有(you)無進一步分為(wei)有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)機與無刷電(dian)(dian)機。對于直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機，為(wei)使轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動需要不(bu)斷改變電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)方向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，內部的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)一(yi)起旋轉，而(er)外部的(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)刷都(dou)不動。通過換(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷的(de)交(jiao)替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向(xiang)就會不斷改變(bian)，從而(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運(yun)動方向(xiang)。其優勢在于啟(qi)動快(kuai)速(su)、制動及時(shi)(shi)、調速(su)平(ping)穩，并且(qie)啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在低速(su)時(shi)(shi)扭(niu)矩大(da)，因而(er)能帶很重的(de)負荷(he)，常(chang)用在電(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動工具中。但由于換(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷之間(jian)存在摩擦(ca)，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷易損耗(hao)、壽(shou)命短，并且(qie)效率較低。

無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)電機采(cai)用(yong)電氣換向(xiang)，以(yi)霍(huo)(huo)爾元件等電子換向(xiang)器(qi)替代了機械電刷(shua)裝置，其(qi)線圈(quan)不(bu)動(dong)而磁(ci)(ci)極旋轉。其(qi)原理是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)霍(huo)(huo)爾元件感知(zhi)永磁(ci)(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)(ci)極的位置，從而適時(shi)切換線圈(quan)中電流的方向(xiang)，以(yi)產生正確方向(xiang)的磁(ci)(ci)力來驅動(dong)電機。無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)電機的優勢在(zai)于故障率低、使用(yong)壽命(ming)長(chang)、運行時(shi)間和(he)電壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分為(wei)單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)單相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)僅含一個繞組，需借助(zhu)啟動線(xian)圈或運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)(deng)以(yi)產(chan)生旋轉磁(ci)場。特點是結構簡(jian)單、維(wei)修方便，多應用(yong)于小(xiao)型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)(deng)生活場景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組分為(wei)三(san)(san)組，通入互差120°的交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生旋轉磁(ci)場。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率(lv)高、功(gong)率(lv)大、可靠性和精度高，多用(yong)于水泵、機床等(deng)(deng)工業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。