奉賢電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)(ji)械能的(de)(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)機(ji)(ji)通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)流在導線(xian)繞組(zu)中(zhong)與磁場(chang)的(de)(de)相互作(zuo)用(yong)來(lai)產生(sheng)扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在電(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸上形成(cheng)力。電(dian)機(ji)(ji)應(ying)用(yong)場(chang)景眾多，在消費市(shi)場(chang)、工業、車載等都有應(ying)用(yong)。

下面我們首先(xian)(xian)通(tong)過復盤(pan)海外(wai)高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)廠商(shang)的發展歷程(cheng)，了解率先(xian)(xian)布局高(gao)壁壘(lei)/新(xin)興領(ling)域+掌握一(yi)體化技術、掌握先(xian)(xian)發優(you)勢是維持電(dian)機(ji)企業(ye)高(gao)利潤的關鍵。當前電(dian)機(ji)行業(ye)競(jing)爭激烈，人形機(ji)器人蓄(xu)勢待發，驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)廠商(shang)抓住技術更新(xin)迭代的機(ji)遇，及(ji)時布局伺服電(dian)機(ji)、空心杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)等，真正實現(xian)國產替代沖出重圍，在下一(yi)階段競(jing)爭中(zhong)搶(qiang)占(zhan)先(xian)(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)(xiang)互作用(yong)從(cong)而實(shi)現能量轉(zhuan)換與傳(chuan)遞的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能，各(ge)(ge)類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)我國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)產各(ge)(ge)部門以及(ji)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為驅動(dong)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)(xiang)關設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術進(jin)步，使人們能夠利(li)用(yong)熱能、水(shui)能、核能以及(ji)風(feng)能、太陽能、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)能等能源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國(guo)民(min)經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)(ge)部門和(he)廣大城鄉居民(min)提供所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)(shi)指使用(yong)環境、生(sheng)(sheng)產工(gong)藝(yi)、技(ji)術標準等比較特殊(shu)而區別(bie)于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)構(gou)上來看，不同類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)機結(jie)構(gou)雖然不同，但一般都是由(you)三大(da)部(bu)分組(zu)成，即固定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)分、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)分和輔助部(bu)分。固定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)分主要由(you)定(ding)(ding)(ding)子機座(zuo)、機架、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子鐵心、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子繞組(zu)、端蓋及底板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)(dian)和支撐(cheng)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)等結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)件組(zu)合(he)；電(dian)(dian)機的(de)轉(zhuan)動部(bu)分包(bao)括(kuo)轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子鐵心、轉(zhuan)子支架、轉(zhuan)子繞組(zu)、集(ji)電(dian)(dian)環、換向器和風(feng)扇等部(bu)件；輔助部(bu)分包(bao)括(kuo)軸承(cheng)、電(dian)(dian)刷和冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)(ji)有(you)多種(zhong)分(fen)類方(fang)式，按照應(ying)用領(ling)域分(fen)為(wei)動力電機(ji)(ji)和控(kong)制電機(ji)(ji)；按照電源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流電機(ji)(ji)和交流電機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力電機和控制(zhi)電機

動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出功(gong)率較大(da)，注(zhu)重電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)驅動(dong)、運行(xing)及(ji)制(zhi)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)能，主(zhu)要應(ying)用于汽車、家電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)床等(deng)領域。控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)側重電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出量的(de)幅(fu)頻特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)、相頻特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)及(ji)輸出特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)的(de)精(jing)度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度(du)等(deng)指標，精(jing)度(du)高(gao)、響應(ying)速度(du)快，主(zhu)要在自動(dong)控制(zhi)系統中承擔執(zhi)行(xing)、檢測和解算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)(dong)方式進一(yi)步分(fen)為旋轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和直線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可看作(zuo)由旋轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平而(er)(er)得，其定(ding)子叫初(chu)級(ji)、轉子叫次級(ji)，其優(you)勢在于(yu)可以直接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換為直線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)的(de)機(ji)械能，而(er)(er)無需(xu)再借助中間轉換裝置。常見的(de)直線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可分(fen)為U型槽式、平板式和管式。其主要應(ying)用于(yu)自動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系統、短距離(li)需(xu)要巨大直線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)能的(de)裝置或作(zuo)為長期連續運行(xing)的(de)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁懸浮列車以及(ji)無鋼絲繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方(fang)式進(jin)一(yi)步分(fen)為步進(jin)電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力矩(ju)電機(ji)。

步進(jin)電(dian)機是一種把電(dian)脈沖信(xin)號(hao)轉換(huan)成角位移(yi)的(de)電(dian)動機，每輸入一個脈沖信(xin)號(hao)，步進(jin)電(dian)機就按(an)照設(she)定的(de)方向轉動一個固(gu)定的(de)角度。其結構簡單但效率和(he)精度較低(di)，多用于辦(ban)公自動化(hua)、通信(xin)設(she)備、印刷設(she)備等(deng)領域。 

伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)相較于步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)增加了(le)編碼器(qi)與反(fan)饋機(ji)(ji)制，使得驅動器(qi)可(ke)以根據目標值與編碼器(qi)的(de)反(fan)饋信(xin)號之間的(de)差異來調整(zheng)轉子轉動的(de)角度(du)(du)，從(cong)而可(ke)實現更精(jing)密的(de)控制，主(zhu)要適(shi)用于半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)、光伏、鋰(li)電(dian)、工業自動化(hua)、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制精(jing)度(du)(du)、速度(du)(du)響(xiang)應、過載能力(li)及穩(wen)定性要求高的(de)領域。空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)特(te)殊的(de)伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用無(wu)鐵芯轉子，呈(cheng)空心的(de)杯狀結構，內部環(huan)繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)電機是以扭(niu)矩(ju)為(wei)控制方(fang)向的(de)電機，采(cai)用(yong)開環控制。當負載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)增大(da)時(shi)能(neng)自動降(jiang)低轉(zhuan)速，同(tong)時(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)，當負載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)一定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)改變電機端電壓(ya)便可調速。在電動機低速甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造(zao)成(cheng)電動機的(de)損壞，并提供穩定(ding)的(de)力矩(ju)給負載(zai)(zai)，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)速、大(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)、過(guo)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力強、響應快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優(you)點。力矩(ju)電機分為(wei)有(you)框(kuang)力矩(ju)電機和無(wu)框(kuang)力矩(ju)電機。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型(xing)分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)

直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由直流電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)，交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由交流電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)。直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速性能好(hao)、啟動(dong)力矩大(da)，適用于(yu)在重負載下啟動(dong)或需(xu)要均勻調節轉(zhuan)速的機(ji)(ji)械。交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效(xiao)率高、噪音低，常用于(yu)家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照電刷的有無進一步(bu)分為有刷電機與無刷電機。對于直流電機，為使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需要不斷改變電流方向(xiang)。

有(you)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換向，內部的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)外部的(de)(de)(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都(dou)不動(dong)。通(tong)過換向器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)(de)(de)交替接(jie)觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行時電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向就(jiu)會不斷改變，從而(er)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)方(fang)向。其優勢在(zai)(zai)于啟動(dong)快速、制動(dong)及時、調速平穩(wen)，并且啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)(zai)低(di)速時扭矩(ju)大，因(yin)(yin)而(er)能帶很重的(de)(de)(de)負荷，常(chang)用在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具(ju)中(zhong)。但由于換向器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間存(cun)在(zai)(zai)摩(mo)擦，因(yin)(yin)而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易(yi)損耗、壽命短，并且效率較低(di)。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用電(dian)氣(qi)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元件(jian)等(deng)電(dian)子換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器替代(dai)了機(ji)械電(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其線圈不動而磁極旋(xuan)轉。其原理是通過霍爾元件(jian)感(gan)知永磁體(ti)磁極的(de)位置，從而適時切換(huan)(huan)線圈中(zhong)電(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以產生正確方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)磁力來驅動電(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)優勢在于故障(zhang)率低(di)、使用壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)壓比較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)源類型(xing)(xing)分(fen)為單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)與(yu)三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)單相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)，定子(zi)僅含(han)一個繞組(zu)，需借(jie)助啟(qi)動線圈或(huo)運行(xing)電(dian)容器等(deng)以產(chan)生旋轉磁場。特點是結構簡單、維修(xiu)方便，多應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)家(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)器等(deng)生活場景(jing)。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)三相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)，定子(zi)繞組(zu)分(fen)為三組(zu)，通入互差120°的(de)交流電(dian)就可產(chan)生旋轉磁場。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大、可靠性和精度高，多用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)水泵、機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。