葫蘆島電機是一種(zhong)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)能轉換為機(ji)械能的(de)裝置。大多數(shu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)導線繞組中與磁場的(de)相互作用(yong)來產生(sheng)扭矩(ju)，作用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸上(shang)形成力。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應用(yong)場景眾(zhong)多，在(zai)消費市場、工業(ye)、車載等(deng)都(dou)有應用(yong)。

下(xia)面(mian)我們首先(xian)通過復盤海外(wai)高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)歷程(cheng)，了解(jie)率先(xian)布(bu)局高(gao)壁壘/新(xin)興領域+掌握(wo)一體化技術(shu)、掌握(wo)先(xian)發(fa)優勢(shi)是維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)行(xing)業競爭激烈，人形機(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待(dai)發(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商抓住技術(shu)更新(xin)迭代的(de)(de)機(ji)遇(yu)，及時(shi)布(bu)局伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)等，真(zhen)正實現國產(chan)替代沖(chong)出重圍，在下(xia)一階段競爭中搶占先(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)磁相(xiang)互作用(yong)(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)(yu)傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置(zhi)。廣義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于我國經濟生(sheng)(sheng)產各部門以及家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作為(wei)驅動各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的動力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)相(xiang)關(guan)設備的技(ji)術進步，使(shi)人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經濟各部門和(he)(he)廣大(da)城鄉居(ju)民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)指使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環(huan)境、生(sheng)(sheng)產工(gong)藝(yi)、技(ji)術標準等比較特(te)殊而區(qu)別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)(jie)構(gou)上(shang)來看，不同類(lei)型(xing)電機結(jie)(jie)構(gou)雖然不同，但一般都是由三(san)大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，即(ji)固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)(he)輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由定(ding)(ding)子機座、機架、定(ding)(ding)子鐵(tie)心、定(ding)(ding)子繞組(zu)、端蓋及底(di)板等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電和(he)(he)支撐固定(ding)(ding)等(deng)(deng)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)組(zu)合(he)；電機的轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括轉軸(zhou)、轉子鐵(tie)心、轉子支架、轉子繞組(zu)、集電環、換向器和(he)(he)風扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括軸(zhou)承(cheng)、電刷和(he)(he)冷卻器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)(ji)有多種分(fen)類(lei)(lei)方(fang)式，按照應(ying)用領域分(fen)為(wei)動(dong)力電機(ji)(ji)和控制電機(ji)(ji)；按照電源類(lei)(lei)型分(fen)為(wei)直(zhi)流電機(ji)(ji)和交流電機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力(li)電機和(he)控制電機

動(dong)力電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功率較大，注重電機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)驅動(dong)、運行及(ji)制動(dong)性能(neng)，主要應(ying)用于汽車、家(jia)電、小型機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等領域(yu)。控(kong)制電機(ji)(ji)側重電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量的(de)(de)幅頻特性、相頻特性及(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)特性的(de)(de)精度、靈(ling)敏度、穩(wen)定(ding)性、線性度等指(zhi)標(biao)，精度高、響(xiang)應(ying)速度快，主要在自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)制系統中承擔(dan)執行、檢測和解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運動方式進一步分(fen)為旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)(ke)看作由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平而得，其定子(zi)叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)子(zi)叫(jiao)次級，其優勢在于(yu)可(ke)(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運動的(de)機(ji)械能，而無(wu)需再借(jie)助中間轉(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。常見(jian)的(de)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為U型(xing)槽式、平板式和(he)管式。其主要應(ying)用于(yu)自動控制系統、短(duan)距離需要巨大直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運動能的(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)或作為長期連續運行的(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁(ci)懸浮列(lie)車(che)以及無(wu)鋼(gang)絲繩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制方式進一(yi)步(bu)分為步(bu)進電機、伺服電機、力矩電機。

步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)種把電(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)信號轉換成角(jiao)位移的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動機(ji)，每輸入(ru)一(yi)個(ge)脈(mo)沖(chong)信號，步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)就(jiu)按(an)照設(she)(she)定的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)轉動一(yi)個(ge)固定的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)。其(qi)結(jie)構簡單但效率(lv)和精度(du)較低，多用于(yu)辦公自(zi)動化、通(tong)信設(she)(she)備、印刷設(she)(she)備等領(ling)域(yu)。 

伺服電(dian)機(ji)相較于步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)增加(jia)了編碼器與(yu)反(fan)(fan)饋(kui)機(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)器可(ke)以根(gen)據目(mu)標值與(yu)編碼器的(de)反(fan)(fan)饋(kui)信號(hao)之間的(de)差(cha)異來(lai)調(diao)整轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)角度，從(cong)而(er)可(ke)實現(xian)更精密的(de)控制(zhi)，主要適用于半導(dao)體、光(guang)伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動(dong)化(hua)、機(ji)器人等對于控制(zhi)精度、速度響應、過載(zai)能力及(ji)穩定性要求高的(de)領域。空心杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)是一種特殊的(de)伺服電(dian)機(ji)，采(cai)用無鐵(tie)(tie)芯(xin)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子，呈空心的(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞(rao)(rao)著繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)和磁鐵(tie)(tie)。

力(li)矩電機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩為控(kong)制方向的電機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控(kong)制。當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉矩增(zeng)大(da)時能(neng)(neng)自(zi)動降低轉速(su)，同時加大(da)輸出轉矩，當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉矩為一定值時改變電機(ji)(ji)端電壓(ya)便可調速(su)。在電動機(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚(shen)至堵轉（轉子無(wu)法轉動）時仍能(neng)(neng)持續運(yun)轉，不會造(zao)成電動機(ji)(ji)的損(sun)壞，并提供穩定的力(li)矩給負(fu)載(zai)，具有低轉速(su)、大(da)扭矩、過載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)強、響(xiang)應快、特性(xing)線(xian)性(xing)度(du)好(hao)等優點。力(li)矩電機(ji)(ji)分為有框力(li)矩電機(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框力(li)矩電機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流電機和(he)交流電機

直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由(you)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動，交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由(you)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動。直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調(diao)速(su)性能好、啟動力矩大，適用(yong)于(yu)在(zai)重(zhong)負載下啟動或需要均勻調(diao)節轉速(su)的機(ji)械。交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高(gao)、噪音低(di)，常用(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)有(you)無進一步分為有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。對于直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，為使(shi)轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)需要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向(xiang)。

有(you)刷電(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的電(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起(qi)旋轉，而(er)外(wai)部的磁極(ji)和(he)電(dian)刷都不動(dong)(dong)。通(tong)過換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)刷的交(jiao)替接觸(chu)，電(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行時電(dian)流(liu)的方向(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷改(gai)變(bian)，從而(er)改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)機(ji)的運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢(shi)在于啟動(dong)(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)(dong)及時、調(diao)速(su)平(ping)穩(wen)，并且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)流(liu)大、在低(di)速(su)時扭(niu)矩大，因(yin)而(er)能帶(dai)很重的負荷，常用在電(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中(zhong)。但由于換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)刷之間存在摩擦，因(yin)而(er)電(dian)刷易損耗、壽命短，并且效率較低(di)。

無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)替代了機(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷裝(zhuang)置，其線(xian)(xian)圈不動而磁(ci)極旋轉(zhuan)。其原理是通過霍爾元件(jian)感知(zhi)永(yong)磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的(de)位置，從(cong)而適時(shi)(shi)切換(huan)(huan)線(xian)(xian)圈中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以產生正確方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來(lai)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)優(you)勢在于故障率低、使(shi)用(yong)壽命長、運行時(shi)(shi)間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分(fen)為(wei)(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)僅(jin)含一個繞(rao)組，需借助(zhu)啟動線(xian)圈或運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產生(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)。特點是(shi)結構簡(jian)單(dan)、維修方便，多(duo)應用(yong)(yong)于小型家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場(chang)景。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)(yong)三相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組分(fen)為(wei)(wei)三組，通(tong)入互差(cha)120°的交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就可產生(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效(xiao)率高、功率大、可靠性(xing)和(he)精(jing)度高，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)于水泵、機(ji)床等工(gong)業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。