金山電機是一種將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為機械能(neng)的(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)機通(tong)過電(dian)流在導線繞組中與磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)的(de)相(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)來產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在電(dian)機軸上形(xing)成力。電(dian)機應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)場(chang)(chang)景眾多，在消費市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、工業、車載等都(dou)有應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

下面我們(men)首先(xian)(xian)通(tong)過復盤海外高端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)的發(fa)展歷程，了解率先(xian)(xian)布(bu)局高壁壘/新(xin)(xin)興領域+掌(zhang)(zhang)握一體化技(ji)術、掌(zhang)(zhang)握先(xian)(xian)發(fa)優勢是(shi)維持(chi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高利潤的關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競(jing)爭激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待(dai)發(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)抓住技(ji)術更新(xin)(xin)迭代的機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空(kong)心(xin)杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)，真正實現國(guo)產替代沖(chong)出重圍，在下一階段競(jing)爭中搶占(zhan)先(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相(xiang)互作(zuo)用從而實現能(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換與(yu)傳(chuan)遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義(yi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)我國經濟生(sheng)產各(ge)部(bu)門以及(ji)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，主要(yao)作(zuo)為(wei)驅(qu)動各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)動力(li)；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)技術(shu)進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用熱能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經濟各(ge)部(bu)門和(he)廣大城鄉居民提供(gong)所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指使用環境、生(sheng)產工藝、技術(shu)標準等比較特(te)殊(shu)而區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結構(gou)上來看，不同類型電(dian)機(ji)(ji)結構(gou)雖然不同，但(dan)一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組成，即固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)主要由定(ding)子機(ji)(ji)座、機(ji)(ji)架、定(ding)子鐵心、定(ding)子繞組、端蓋及底板等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和(he)支撐(cheng)固(gu)定(ding)等(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)組合；電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子鐵心、轉(zhuan)子支架、轉(zhuan)子繞組、集電(dian)環、換向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)軸承、電(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)(ji)有多種分(fen)類方式(shi)，按照應用領(ling)域分(fen)為(wei)動(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)；按照電(dian)源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照(zhao)應用領(ling)域分為(wei)動(dong)力電機和(he)控制電機

動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出功率較大(da)，注(zhu)重電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的驅(qu)動(dong)、運行及制動(dong)性能(neng)，主(zhu)要應用于(yu)汽車、家電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等(deng)領域。控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)側重電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出量的幅(fu)頻特(te)(te)性、相頻特(te)(te)性及輸(shu)出特(te)(te)性的精(jing)度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩(wen)定性、線性度(du)等(deng)指標(biao)，精(jing)度(du)高、響應速度(du)快(kuai)，主(zhu)要在自動(dong)控制系統中承擔執行、檢測(ce)和解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)進一步分為旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可看作由(you)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平而(er)得，其定子叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級，其優勢在(zai)于可以(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為直(zhi)線運(yun)動(dong)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能，而(er)無需再(zai)借助中間轉(zhuan)換裝置。常見的直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可分為U型槽式(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)和管式(shi)(shi)。其主要應用于自動(dong)控制系(xi)統、短距離需要巨大直(zhi)線運(yun)動(dong)能的裝置或(huo)作為長期連續運(yun)行的驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用于磁懸浮(fu)列(lie)車以(yi)及無鋼(gang)絲繩電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式(shi)進(jin)一步分為步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機、伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機、力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機。

步進電(dian)機是一(yi)種把電(dian)脈沖信(xin)號轉換成角(jiao)位移的(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)機，每(mei)輸入一(yi)個(ge)(ge)脈沖信(xin)號，步進電(dian)機就按(an)照(zhao)設定的(de)(de)方(fang)向轉動(dong)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)固定的(de)(de)角(jiao)度。其結構簡單但效率和精度較(jiao)低，多(duo)用于辦公(gong)自動(dong)化、通信(xin)設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)相較于步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)增加了編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)與(yu)反饋機(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)器(qi)可以根據目標值與(yu)編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)的(de)反饋信號(hao)之間的(de)差異來調整(zheng)轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)角度，從而可實現更精(jing)密的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)，主要適用于半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于控(kong)制(zhi)精(jing)度、速度響應、過載能力及穩(wen)定(ding)性要求高(gao)的(de)領域。空心杯電(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)種(zhong)特(te)殊的(de)伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)，采用無鐵芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空心的(de)杯狀(zhuang)結構，內部環繞著繞組(zu)和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)矩電(dian)機是以扭矩為控制(zhi)方向(xiang)的(de)電(dian)機，采用開(kai)環控制(zhi)。當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩增大時(shi)能自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)加(jia)大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩為一定值時(shi)改變電(dian)機端電(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)機低速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造(zao)成電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)損壞，并提供(gong)穩(wen)定的(de)力(li)(li)矩給(gei)負(fu)載(zai)，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭矩、過載(zai)能力(li)(li)強、響應快(kuai)、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好(hao)等優(you)點。力(li)(li)矩電(dian)機分(fen)為有框力(li)(li)矩電(dian)機和無(wu)框力(li)(li)矩電(dian)機。

（2）按照(zhao)電(dian)源類型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)

直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)由直(zhi)流電(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)(dong)，交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)由交(jiao)流電(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)(dong)。直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)調速性(xing)能(neng)好(hao)、啟動(dong)(dong)力矩大(da)，適用(yong)于在(zai)重負(fu)載(zai)下啟動(dong)(dong)或需要均勻調節轉速的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械。交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效(xiao)率(lv)高、噪(zao)音(yin)低，常用(yong)于家用(yong)電(dian)器中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照電刷(shua)的有無(wu)進一步分(fen)為有刷(shua)電機與無(wu)刷(shua)電機。對于直(zhi)流(liu)電機，為使轉子轉動需要不斷改變電流(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)機械換向(xiang)，內部的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向(xiang)器一起旋轉，而外部的(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都(dou)不動(dong)。通(tong)過換向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)(dian)機運(yun)行時電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)方向(xiang)就會不斷改變，從而改變電(dian)(dian)機的(de)運(yun)動(dong)方向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于(yu)啟(qi)動(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)及時、調速(su)平(ping)穩，并(bing)且(qie)啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大(da)、在(zai)低(di)速(su)時扭矩大(da)，因而能帶很(hen)重(zhong)的(de)負(fu)荷，常用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由于(yu)換向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在(zai)摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易(yi)損耗(hao)、壽(shou)命短，并(bing)且(qie)效率較低(di)。

無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用電(dian)氣(qi)換向(xiang)，以(yi)霍爾(er)元件等電(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代(dai)了機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其線圈不動(dong)(dong)而磁(ci)極旋(xuan)轉。其原理是(shi)通過(guo)霍爾(er)元件感知永磁(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)極的位置，從而適時切換線圈中電(dian)流的方向(xiang)，以(yi)產生正確方向(xiang)的磁(ci)力來驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的優勢在于故障率低、使(shi)用壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分為(wei)(wei)單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一個繞組，需借助啟動線圈或運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器等以產生旋轉磁(ci)場。特點是結(jie)構(gou)簡單(dan)、維修方便，多應用(yong)(yong)于小型家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器等生活場景。三相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)三相交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組分為(wei)(wei)三組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)就可(ke)產生旋轉磁(ci)場。三相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高(gao)(gao)、功率大、可(ke)靠性和精(jing)度高(gao)(gao)，多用(yong)(yong)于水泵、機(ji)床等工業(ye)領(ling)域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。