盤錦電機是一(yi)種(zhong)將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為機械(xie)能的(de)(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)機通過電(dian)流在導線(xian)繞組中與磁場的(de)(de)相互作用來產生(sheng)扭矩(ju)，作用在電(dian)機軸上(shang)形成(cheng)力。電(dian)機應用場景眾多，在消費市場、工業(ye)、車載等都有應用。

下(xia)面我們(men)首(shou)先通過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)廠商的發(fa)(fa)展歷程(cheng)，了(le)解率先布局(ju)高(gao)壁壘/新興領(ling)域+掌握一(yi)體化技術、掌握先發(fa)(fa)優(you)勢(shi)(shi)是維持(chi)電(dian)機(ji)企業(ye)高(gao)利潤的關(guan)鍵(jian)。當前電(dian)機(ji)行(xing)業(ye)競(jing)(jing)爭激(ji)烈，人(ren)形(xing)機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)蓄勢(shi)(shi)待(dai)發(fa)(fa)，驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)廠商抓住(zhu)技術更新迭代的機(ji)遇(yu)，及時布局(ju)伺服電(dian)機(ji)、空心杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)等，真正(zheng)實(shi)現國(guo)產替代沖出重圍，在下(xia)一(yi)階段(duan)競(jing)(jing)爭中搶占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)(xiang)互作用(yong)(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換(huan)與傳(chuan)遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置。廣(guang)義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)我國經濟生產各部(bu)(bu)門以(yi)及家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主要作為驅動各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備的動力(li)；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)(xiang)關設(she)備的技術(shu)進步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民(min)經濟各部(bu)(bu)門和廣(guang)大城鄉(xiang)居民(min)提(ti)供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環境、生產工藝、技術(shu)標準等比較(jiao)特(te)殊(shu)而區(qu)別(bie)于(yu)普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構上來(lai)看，不同類型(xing)電(dian)(dian)機結(jie)構雖然不同，但一般(ban)都是由三(san)大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)(zu)成，即固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)和輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由定(ding)子(zi)機座、機架、定(ding)子(zi)鐵心、定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、端蓋及底板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)(dian)和支撐固定(ding)等結(jie)構部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組(zu)(zu)合；電(dian)(dian)機的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、集電(dian)(dian)環、換向器(qi)(qi)和風扇等部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)括軸承、電(dian)(dian)刷和冷卻器(qi)(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有多種分(fen)類(lei)方式，按照應用(yong)領域(yu)分(fen)為動力電(dian)機(ji)和控(kong)制電(dian)機(ji)；按照電(dian)源類(lei)型分(fen)為直流電(dian)機(ji)和交流電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域(yu)分為(wei)動(dong)力電機和(he)控制(zhi)電機

動力電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率較(jiao)大，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)驅動、運行及(ji)制(zhi)動性(xing)能，主(zhu)要(yao)應(ying)用于汽車、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)床(chuang)等領域。控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量的(de)幅頻特性(xing)、相頻特性(xing)及(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)特性(xing)的(de)精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)等指標，精度(du)高(gao)、響應(ying)速度(du)快，主(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)自動控(kong)制(zhi)系統中(zhong)承擔執行、檢測(ce)和解算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)方式進一步分為(wei)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機和直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機可(ke)(ke)看作(zuo)由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機展平而(er)得(de)，其(qi)定子叫初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次級，其(qi)優勢在于(yu)可(ke)(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)的機械能，而(er)無需再借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝置。常見的直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式、平板式和管(guan)式。其(qi)主要(yao)應用于(yu)自動(dong)控制系統、短距(ju)離需要(yao)巨(ju)大直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)能的裝置或(huo)作(zuo)為(wei)長期連續運(yun)行的驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機，例(li)如用于(yu)磁(ci)懸浮列車(che)以及無鋼絲(si)繩電(dian)(dian)梯的驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照(zhao)控(kong)制方式進一步分(fen)為步進電(dian)(dian)機、伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機、力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機。

步進(jin)電(dian)機是(shi)一種把電(dian)脈沖信(xin)(xin)號轉(zhuan)換(huan)成角(jiao)位移的(de)電(dian)動機，每輸入一個脈沖信(xin)(xin)號，步進(jin)電(dian)機就按(an)照設定的(de)方向轉(zhuan)動一個固定的(de)角(jiao)度(du)。其(qi)結構簡單(dan)但效率和精度(du)較低，多用于辦(ban)公自動化、通信(xin)(xin)設備、印刷(shua)設備等領(ling)域(yu)。 

伺服電(dian)機(ji)相(xiang)較于步進電(dian)機(ji)增加了編(bian)(bian)碼(ma)器與(yu)反饋機(ji)制，使得驅動(dong)器可以根據目標值與(yu)編(bian)(bian)碼(ma)器的(de)(de)反饋信號之間的(de)(de)差異來(lai)調整轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)角度，從而可實現更(geng)精(jing)密的(de)(de)控制，主要適用于半(ban)導(dao)體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器人等對于控制精(jing)度、速度響應(ying)、過載能力(li)及穩定性(xing)要求高的(de)(de)領(ling)域。空心杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)伺服電(dian)機(ji)，采用無鐵芯轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子，呈(cheng)空心的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀(zhuang)結構，內部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)(ju)為控制方向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用開環控制。當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大(da)時(shi)能自(zi)動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速，同時(shi)加(jia)大(da)輸出(chu)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定值時(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可(ke)調速。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速甚至(zhi)堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法(fa)轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提供(gong)穩定的力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載(zai)，具有低轉(zhuan)速、大(da)扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)能力(li)(li)強、響應快、特性線性度好等優點(dian)。力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)無框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類(lei)型分為直流(liu)(liu)電機和(he)交流(liu)(liu)電機

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)由直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電源(yuan)(yuan)驅(qu)動，交流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)由交流(liu)(liu)電源(yuan)(yuan)驅(qu)動。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)調(diao)速性能好、啟(qi)動力矩大(da)，適用(yong)(yong)于在重負載下啟(qi)動或需要均勻(yun)調(diao)節(jie)轉速的機(ji)械(xie)。交流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用(yong)(yong)于家用(yong)(yong)電器中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷的有無進一步分為有刷電(dian)機(ji)與無刷電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)，為使(shi)轉子轉動需要不(bu)斷(duan)改(gai)變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向，內部的(de)電(dian)樞和換(huan)(huan)向器一起旋轉，而(er)外部的(de)磁極和電(dian)刷(shua)都不動。通(tong)過換(huan)(huan)向器與電(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)(shi)電(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向就會不斷改(gai)變(bian)(bian)，從而(er)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動方(fang)向。其優勢(shi)在(zai)于(yu)啟動快速、制動及時(shi)(shi)、調速平穩(wen)，并(bing)且(qie)啟動電(dian)流大(da)、在(zai)低速時(shi)(shi)扭矩(ju)大(da)，因而(er)能(neng)帶很重的(de)負(fu)荷，常(chang)用在(zai)電(dian)鉆等日常(chang)電(dian)動工具中。但(dan)由于(yu)換(huan)(huan)向器與電(dian)刷(shua)之間存在(zai)摩(mo)擦，因而(er)電(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽(shou)命短，并(bing)且(qie)效率(lv)較低。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元件等(deng)電(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)器替代(dai)了(le)機(ji)械電(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)不動而磁(ci)(ci)極旋轉。其原理是(shi)通過霍爾元件感知(zhi)永磁(ci)(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)(ci)極的位置，從而適時切換(huan)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)中電(dian)流的方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的磁(ci)(ci)力來(lai)驅動電(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)的優勢在于故障率低、使用(yong)壽(shou)命長、運(yun)行時間和電(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與(yu)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一個繞組(zu)(zu)，需借助啟動線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。特點是結(jie)構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多應用(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場(chang)景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組(zu)(zu)分(fen)為三(san)組(zu)(zu)，通入互差120°的(de)交流電(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高(gao)、功率(lv)大(da)、可靠性和精度高(gao)，多用(yong)于(yu)水泵(beng)、機(ji)(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。