青浦電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)械能的(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流(liu)在(zai)導線繞(rao)組中與磁場的(de)相互作用(yong)來(lai)產生扭(niu)矩，作用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軸上形成力。電(dian)機(ji)應(ying)用(yong)場景眾多，在(zai)消費市場、工業、車載等都(dou)有應(ying)用(yong)。

下(xia)面(mian)我們首先(xian)通過復盤海外高(gao)端電機(ji)廠商(shang)的發展歷程，了(le)解(jie)率先(xian)布(bu)局(ju)高(gao)壁壘/新興(xing)領域(yu)+掌(zhang)握(wo)一體化技術、掌(zhang)握(wo)先(xian)發優(you)勢是維持電機(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的關(guan)鍵。當前電機(ji)行業競爭激(ji)烈，人形機(ji)器人蓄勢待發，驅動電機(ji)廠商(shang)抓住技術更(geng)新迭(die)代(dai)的機(ji)遇，及(ji)時布(bu)局(ju)伺服電機(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)、無框電機(ji)等，真正實現國產替代(dai)沖出重圍，在下(xia)一階段競爭中搶占先(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)互作用(yong)從而(er)實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳(chuan)遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)(guang)義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)(guang)泛應用(yong)于(yu)我國(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)生產(chan)各部門(men)以及家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為(wei)驅(qu)動各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備的動力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)相(xiang)關設(she)備的技術進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)(guo)民(min)經濟(ji)各部門(men)和(he)(he)廣(guang)(guang)大(da)城鄉居民(min)提供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是指使用(yong)環境、生產(chan)工藝(yi)、技術標(biao)準等(deng)比(bi)較特殊而(er)區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看，不同(tong)類型電(dian)機結構(gou)雖然(ran)不同(tong)，但一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成，即固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由定(ding)子(zi)(zi)機座、機架、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組、端蓋(gai)及底(di)板等導磁、導電(dian)和支(zhi)撐固(gu)定(ding)等結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)組合；電(dian)機的轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括轉軸(zhou)、轉子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉子(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架、轉子(zi)(zi)繞組、集電(dian)環、換向器(qi)和風扇等部(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括軸(zhou)承(cheng)、電(dian)刷和冷卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機有多種分(fen)類方式，按照(zhao)應用領域分(fen)為動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)機和(he)控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)機；按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機。

（1）按(an)照應用領(ling)域分(fen)為動力電機和控制電機

動(dong)力電機(ji)輸出(chu)功率(lv)較大，注重(zhong)電機(ji)的驅(qu)動(dong)、運行(xing)及(ji)制動(dong)性(xing)能，主(zhu)要應用于汽(qi)車、家電、小型(xing)機(ji)床等領域(yu)。控制電機(ji)側重(zhong)電機(ji)輸出(chu)量(liang)的幅(fu)頻特(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)及(ji)輸出(chu)特(te)性(xing)的精(jing)度、靈敏度、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度等指標，精(jing)度高、響應速度快，主(zhu)要在自(zi)動(dong)控制系統(tong)中承(cheng)擔(dan)執行(xing)、檢測(ce)和(he)解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動方式進(jin)一步分為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平而得(de)，其(qi)(qi)定(ding)子(zi)叫初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)叫次級(ji)，其(qi)(qi)優勢(shi)在(zai)于(yu)可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)線運(yun)動的(de)機(ji)械能(neng)，而無需再(zai)借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)裝(zhuang)置。常見的(de)直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)U型(xing)槽式、平板式和管式。其(qi)(qi)主要應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)自(zi)動控制系(xi)統、短距離需要巨大直(zhi)線運(yun)動能(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置或作(zuo)為(wei)長期(qi)連續運(yun)行的(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用(yong)于(yu)磁懸浮列(lie)車(che)以(yi)及無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進一步(bu)分為(wei)步(bu)進電機(ji)(ji)(ji)、伺服(fu)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)、力矩電機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

步進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種把電(dian)脈沖信號(hao)轉換(huan)成(cheng)角位移(yi)的(de)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)，每(mei)輸入(ru)一個脈沖信號(hao)，步進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)就按照設定的(de)方向轉動(dong)一個固定的(de)角度(du)。其結(jie)構簡(jian)單但(dan)效率(lv)和精(jing)度(du)較低，多(duo)用于(yu)辦(ban)公自動(dong)化、通信設備、印(yin)刷設備等領域。 

伺服電(dian)機相較于(yu)步進電(dian)機增加了編碼器與(yu)反饋機制，使得(de)驅動器可(ke)以根(gen)據目標值(zhi)與(yu)編碼器的(de)(de)反饋信號(hao)之間的(de)(de)差異(yi)來(lai)調(diao)整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動的(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)，從而(er)可(ke)實現更精密的(de)(de)控制，主要(yao)(yao)適用于(yu)半(ban)導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動化(hua)、機器人等對于(yu)控制精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過(guo)載能力及穩定性(xing)要(yao)(yao)求高的(de)(de)領域(yu)。空(kong)心(xin)杯(bei)電(dian)機是一種(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)伺服電(dian)機，采用無(wu)鐵芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空(kong)心(xin)的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結(jie)構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)為(wei)控制方向的電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當(dang)(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大(da)時(shi)(shi)(shi)能自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)加大(da)輸(shu)出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當(dang)(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為(wei)一(yi)定(ding)值時(shi)(shi)(shi)改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)(shi)(shi)仍能持續運轉(zhuan)，不(bu)會(hui)造成電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提供穩(wen)定(ding)的力矩(ju)(ju)給(gei)負載(zai)，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭矩(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)能力強、響應(ying)快(kuai)、特性線性度好等(deng)優點。力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分(fen)為(wei)有(you)框(kuang)力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框(kuang)力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電(dian)源(yuan)類(lei)型分(fen)為直流電(dian)機和交流電(dian)機

直流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)由直流(liu)電源驅動(dong)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)由交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電源驅動(dong)。直流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)調(diao)速(su)性能好、啟動(dong)力矩大，適用于在重負(fu)載下(xia)啟動(dong)或需要均(jun)勻調(diao)節轉速(su)的機(ji)(ji)械。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用于家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷的有無進一步分(fen)為有刷電(dian)機與無刷電(dian)機。對于直流電(dian)機，為使轉子轉動需要(yao)不(bu)斷改變電(dian)流方向(xiang)。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)機械換向，內部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)(he)換向器一起旋轉(zhuan)，而外部(bu)的(de)磁極和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都(dou)不(bu)動。通過換向器與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)(dian)機運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向就(jiu)會不(bu)斷(duan)改變，從而改變電(dian)(dian)機的(de)運(yun)動方向。其(qi)優勢在(zai)(zai)于(yu)啟(qi)動快速、制動及時(shi)、調速平穩，并且(qie)啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在(zai)(zai)低速時(shi)扭矩(ju)大(da)，因而能(neng)帶(dai)很重(zhong)的(de)負荷，常(chang)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動工具中(zhong)。但由于(yu)換向器與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間存在(zai)(zai)摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易損(sun)耗、壽命短，并且(qie)效(xiao)率較(jiao)低。

無刷(shua)電機采用電氣換向(xiang)，以霍爾元件(jian)(jian)等電子換向(xiang)器替代了機械電刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其線圈(quan)不動而磁極旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)。其原(yuan)理是通過霍爾元件(jian)(jian)感知永磁體磁極的(de)(de)位置(zhi)，從而適時切(qie)換線圈(quan)中電流的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以產生正(zheng)確方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)磁力來驅(qu)動電機。無刷(shua)電機的(de)(de)優勢在于(yu)故障率低、使用壽命長(chang)、運(yun)行時間(jian)和電壓比較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型(xing)(xing)分為單(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。單(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用單(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一個繞組，需(xu)借助(zhu)啟動(dong)線圈或運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。特點(dian)是結構簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)、維(wei)修方便(bian)，多應用于小型(xing)(xing)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場(chang)景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞組分為三(san)組，通入互差(cha)120°的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可(ke)產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效(xiao)率(lv)高(gao)、功率(lv)大、可(ke)靠性和精度高(gao)，多用于水泵、機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等工業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。