鐵嶺電機是一種將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換為機(ji)械能(neng)的裝置(zhi)。大多數電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)流在導線繞組(zu)中與磁場的相互作用來產生扭矩(ju)，作用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸上形成力(li)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)應用場景眾多，在消(xiao)費市場、工業、車載等都(dou)有應用。

下(xia)面(mian)我們首先(xian)通(tong)過(guo)復(fu)盤海(hai)外高(gao)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商的發展(zhan)歷程，了(le)解率先(xian)布局高(gao)壁壘/新興(xing)領(ling)域+掌(zhang)握(wo)一(yi)體(ti)化技術、掌(zhang)握(wo)先(xian)發優勢是維(wei)持(chi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤(run)的關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競爭激烈，人形(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待發，驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技術更新迭(die)代的機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及(ji)時布局伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產(chan)替代沖(chong)出重圍(wei)，在下(xia)一(yi)階(jie)段競爭中搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)從而實(shi)現能(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)換與傳(chuan)遞的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣(guang)義的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統(tong)(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于(yu)我國經濟生產各(ge)部(bu)門以(yi)及(ji)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)(zhu)要作(zuo)為驅動(dong)各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)技術進(jin)步，使人們(men)能(neng)夠利用(yong)熱(re)能(neng)、水能(neng)、核能(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)、生物質能(neng)等能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民(min)經濟各(ge)部(bu)門和(he)廣(guang)大城(cheng)鄉居民(min)提供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)；特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)要是(shi)指使用(yong)環境、生產工藝、技術標(biao)準等比較特(te)殊而區別(bie)于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上(shang)來看，不(bu)同(tong)類(lei)型電(dian)機(ji)結(jie)構(gou)雖然不(bu)同(tong)，但一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)，即固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)(he)輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由定(ding)(ding)子機(ji)座、機(ji)架、定(ding)(ding)子鐵(tie)(tie)心、定(ding)(ding)子繞(rao)組(zu)、端蓋及底(di)板等(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)撐固定(ding)(ding)等(deng)結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)組(zu)合(he)；電(dian)機(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子鐵(tie)(tie)心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子支(zhi)架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞(rao)組(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向器和(he)(he)(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括軸(zhou)承(cheng)、電(dian)刷和(he)(he)(he)冷卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機有多種分類方式，按照應(ying)用領(ling)域(yu)分為動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)機和(he)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)機；按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分為直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機和(he)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。

（1）按照應用領域分(fen)為動力電機(ji)和控(kong)制電機(ji)

動(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)功率(lv)較大(da)，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的驅動(dong)、運(yun)行及制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)性(xing)能，主要(yao)應(ying)用于(yu)汽車、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等(deng)領域。控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)量(liang)的幅(fu)頻特性(xing)、相頻特性(xing)及輸出(chu)特性(xing)的精度、靈敏度、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度等(deng)指(zhi)標，精度高、響應(ying)速度快，主要(yao)在(zai)自(zi)動(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)系統中(zhong)承擔執行、檢測和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)方式進(jin)一步(bu)分為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)和直線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)。直線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可看作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)展平(ping)而得，其(qi)(qi)定子叫初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)子叫次級(ji)，其(qi)(qi)優勢(shi)在于(yu)(yu)可以直接(jie)將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)直線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)械能(neng)，而無(wu)需再借(jie)助中間轉(zhuan)換(huan)裝(zhuang)置。常見的(de)直線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可分為(wei)U型(xing)槽式、平(ping)板式和管(guan)式。其(qi)(qi)主要應(ying)用于(yu)(yu)自動(dong)控制系統、短距離需要巨大直線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)能(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置或作(zuo)為(wei)長期連(lian)續運(yun)行的(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)，例如用于(yu)(yu)磁懸浮(fu)列車以及無(wu)鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照(zhao)控(kong)制方式進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)分為步(bu)進(jin)電機、伺服電機、力矩電機。

步進電機是(shi)一(yi)種把(ba)電脈(mo)沖信(xin)號(hao)轉換成角(jiao)位移的電動機，每輸入(ru)一(yi)個(ge)脈(mo)沖信(xin)號(hao)，步進電機就按照設(she)(she)定(ding)的方向轉動一(yi)個(ge)固定(ding)的角(jiao)度。其結構簡單但效率和精度較低，多用(yong)于辦公自動化、通信(xin)設(she)(she)備、印(yin)刷設(she)(she)備等領域。 

伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)相較(jiao)于步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)增加(jia)了編碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)反(fan)饋機(ji)制(zhi)，使(shi)得(de)驅動器(qi)(qi)(qi)可以根據(ju)目標值與(yu)編碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)的反(fan)饋信號之間的差異來(lai)調整(zheng)轉子轉動的角度(du)，從而可實現更(geng)精密(mi)的控制(zhi)，主要適用于半(ban)導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工(gong)業自動化、機(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)人等對于控制(zhi)精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能力(li)及穩(wen)定性要求(qiu)高的領域。空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種特殊的伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采(cai)用無鐵(tie)芯轉子，呈空心的杯狀結構，內部環繞著繞組(zu)和磁(ci)鐵(tie)。

力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為控制(zhi)方向(xiang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制(zhi)。當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增(zeng)大時(shi)(shi)能自(zi)動(dong)降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)加大輸(shu)出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為一定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)(shi)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可調速。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低(di)速甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)(shi)仍能持(chi)續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞，并提供(gong)穩定(ding)的(de)力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)給(gei)負(fu)載，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭矩(ju)、過載能力(li)(li)(li)強、響應快、特(te)性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優點。力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有框(kuang)力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框(kuang)力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機和交流(liu)電(dian)機

直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)，交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調速性能好、啟動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用于在(zai)重負(fu)載下啟動(dong)(dong)或需要均勻調節(jie)轉速的機(ji)械。交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪(zao)音低，常用于家用電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷的有無進一步分為有刷電(dian)機(ji)與無刷電(dian)機(ji)。對于(yu)直流電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需(xu)要(yao)不斷改變電(dian)流方(fang)向。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)機(ji)(ji)械換向(xiang)，內(nei)部的電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向(xiang)器(qi)一起(qi)旋轉，而外部的磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通過換向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的交替接(jie)觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運行時電(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)就會不斷改變(bian)，從(cong)而改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的運動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)。其優(you)勢在于(yu)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時、調速(su)平穩，并且啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大(da)、在低速(su)時扭矩(ju)大(da)，因而能(neng)帶很(hen)重的負荷，常(chang)用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工(gong)具(ju)中。但由于(yu)換向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之(zhi)間(jian)存在摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易(yi)損耗、壽命短，并且效率較低。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機采用電(dian)氣(qi)換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾(er)元件等(deng)電(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)器替代了機械電(dian)刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其線圈不(bu)動(dong)而(er)磁極旋轉。其原理是通過霍爾(er)元件感知永磁體磁極的位置(zhi)，從而(er)適時(shi)切換(huan)線圈中電(dian)流的方(fang)向(xiang)，以產(chan)生正(zheng)確方(fang)向(xiang)的磁力來驅動(dong)電(dian)機。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機的優(you)勢在(zai)于故障率低、使用壽(shou)命長、運(yun)行時(shi)間和電(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分為單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一個繞組(zu)(zu)，需借助(zhu)啟動線圈或(huo)運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產生(sheng)(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場。特(te)點是結(jie)構簡單(dan)、維修方便(bian)，多應用(yong)于小型(xing)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)(sheng)活場景。三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)三相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞組(zu)(zu)分為三組(zu)(zu)，通(tong)入互(hu)差120°的交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生(sheng)(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場。三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高(gao)、功率大、可靠性和(he)精度高(gao)，多用(yong)于水泵、機(ji)(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。